TMatrix


class description - source file - inheritance tree

class TMatrix : public TObject


    protected:
void Allocate(Int_t nrows, Int_t ncols, Int_t row_lwb = 0, Int_t col_lwb = 0) void AMultB(const TMatrix& a, const TMatrix& b) void AtMultB(const TMatrix& a, const TMatrix& b) static void EigenSort(TMatrix& eigenVectors, TVector& eigenValues) void Invalidate() void Invert(const TMatrix& m) void InvertPosDef(const TMatrix& m) static void MakeEigenVectors(TVector& d, TVector& e, TMatrix& z) static void MakeTridiagonal(TMatrix& a, TVector& d, TVector& e) static Int_t Pdcholesky(const Real_t* a, Real_t* u, const Int_t n) void Transpose(const TMatrix& m) public:
TMatrix() TMatrix(Int_t nrows, Int_t ncols) TMatrix(Int_t row_lwb, Int_t row_upb, Int_t col_lwb, Int_t col_upb) TMatrix(Int_t nrows, Int_t ncols, const Real_t* elements, const Option_t* option) TMatrix(Int_t row_lwb, Int_t row_upb, Int_t col_lwb, Int_t col_upb, const Real_t* elements, const Option_t* option) TMatrix(const TMatrix& another) TMatrix(TMatrix::EMatrixCreatorsOp1 op, const TMatrix& prototype) TMatrix(const TMatrix& a, TMatrix::EMatrixCreatorsOp2 op, const TMatrix& b) TMatrix(const TLazyMatrix& lazy_constructor) const TMatrix EigenVectors(TVector& eigenValues) const virtual ~TMatrix() TMatrix& Abs() TMatrix& Apply(const TElementAction& action) TMatrix& Apply(const TElementPosAction& action) static TClass* Class() Double_t ColNorm() const Double_t Determinant() const virtual void Draw(const Option_t* option) Double_t E2Norm() const Int_t GetColLwb() const Int_t GetColUpb() const const Real_t* GetElements() const Real_t* GetElements() void GetElements(Real_t* elements, const Option_t* option) const Int_t GetNcols() const Int_t GetNoElements() const Int_t GetNrows() const Int_t GetRowLwb() const Int_t GetRowUpb() const TMatrix& Invert(Double_t* determ_ptr = 0) TMatrix& InvertPosDef() virtual TClass* IsA() const Bool_t IsSymmetric() const Bool_t IsValid() const TMatrix& MakeSymmetric() void Mult(const TMatrix& a, const TMatrix& b) Double_t Norm1() const TMatrix& NormByColumn(const TVector& v, const Option_t* option = "D") TMatrix& NormByDiag(const TVector& v, const Option_t* option = "D") TMatrix& NormByRow(const TVector& v, const Option_t* option = "D") Double_t NormInf() const Bool_t operator!=(Real_t val) const const Real_t& operator()(Int_t rown, Int_t coln) const Real_t& operator()(Int_t rown, Int_t coln) TMatrix& operator*=(Double_t val) TMatrix& operator*=(const TMatrix& source) TMatrix& operator*=(const TMatrixDiag& diag) TMatrix& operator*=(const TMatrixRow& row) TMatrix& operator*=(const TMatrixColumn& col) TMatrix& operator+=(Double_t val) TMatrix& operator-=(Double_t val) TMatrix& operator/=(const TMatrixDiag& diag) TMatrix& operator/=(const TMatrixRow& row) TMatrix& operator/=(const TMatrixColumn& col) Bool_t operator<(Real_t val) const Bool_t operator<=(Real_t val) const TMatrix& operator=(const TMatrix& source) TMatrix& operator=(const TLazyMatrix& source) TMatrix& operator=(Real_t val) Bool_t operator==(Real_t val) const Bool_t operator>(Real_t val) const Bool_t operator>=(Real_t val) const const TMatrixRow operator[](Int_t rown) const TMatrixRow operator[](Int_t rown) virtual void Print(const Option_t* option) const void ResizeTo(Int_t nrows, Int_t ncols) void ResizeTo(Int_t row_lwb, Int_t row_upb, Int_t col_lwb, Int_t col_upb) void ResizeTo(const TMatrix& m) Double_t RowNorm() const void SetElements(const Real_t* elements, const Option_t* option) virtual void ShowMembers(TMemberInspector& insp, char* parent) TMatrix& Sqr() TMatrix& Sqrt() virtual void Streamer(TBuffer& b) void StreamerNVirtual(TBuffer& b) TMatrix& UnitMatrix() TMatrix& Zero()

Data Members


    protected:
Int_t fNrows number of rows Int_t fNcols number of columns Int_t fNelems number of elements in matrix Int_t fRowLwb lower bound of the row index Int_t fColLwb lower bound of the col index Real_t* fElements [fNelems] elements themselves Real_t** fIndex ! index[i] = &matrix(0,i) (col index) public:
static const TMatrix::EMatrixCreatorsOp1 kZero static const TMatrix::EMatrixCreatorsOp1 kUnit static const TMatrix::EMatrixCreatorsOp1 kTransposed static const TMatrix::EMatrixCreatorsOp1 kInverted static const TMatrix::EMatrixCreatorsOp1 kInvertedPosDef static const TMatrix::EMatrixCreatorsOp2 kMult static const TMatrix::EMatrixCreatorsOp2 kTransposeMult static const TMatrix::EMatrixCreatorsOp2 kInvMult static const TMatrix::EMatrixCreatorsOp2 kInvPosDefMult static const TMatrix::EMatrixCreatorsOp2 kAtBA

Class Description

                                                                      
 Linear Algebra Package                                               
                                                                      
 The present package implements all the basic algorithms dealing      
 with vectors, matrices, matrix columns, rows, diagonals, etc.        
                                                                      
 Matrix elements are arranged in memory in a COLUMN-wise              
 fashion (in FORTRAN's spirit). In fact, it makes it very easy to     
 feed the matrices to FORTRAN procedures, which implement more        
 elaborate algorithms.                                                
                                                                      
 Unless otherwise specified, matrix and vector indices always start   
 with 0, spanning up to the specified limit-1. However, there are     
 constructors to which one can specify aribtrary lower and upper      
 bounds, e.g. TMatrix m(1,10,1,5) defines a matrix that ranges, and   
 that can be addresses, from 1..10, 1..5 (a(1,1)..a(10,5)).           
                                                                      
 The present package provides all facilities to completely AVOID      
 returning matrices. Use "TMatrix A(TMatrix::kTransposed,B);" and     
 other fancy constructors as much as possible. If one really needs    
 to return a matrix, return a TLazyMatrix object instead. The         
 conversion is completely transparent to the end user, e.g.           
 "TMatrix m = THaarMatrix(5);" and _is_ efficient.                    
                                                                      
 Since TMatrix et al. are fully integrated in ROOT they of course     
 can be stored in a ROOT database.                                    
                                                                      
                                                                      
 How to efficiently use this package                                  
 -----------------------------------                                  
                                                                      
 1. Never return complex objects (matrices or vectors)                
    Danger: For example, when the following snippet:                  
        TMatrix foo(int n)                                            
        {                                                             
           TMatrix foom(n,n); fill_in(foom); return foom;             
        }                                                             
        TMatrix m = foo(5);                                           
    runs, it constructs matrix foo:foom, copies it onto stack as a    
    return value and destroys foo:foom. Return value (a matrix)       
    from foo() is then copied over to m (via a copy constructor),     
    and the return value is destroyed. So, the matrix constructor is  
    called 3 times and the destructor 2 times. For big matrices,      
    the cost of multiple constructing/copying/destroying of objects   
    may be very large. *Some* optimized compilers can cut down on 1   
    copying/destroying, but still it leaves at least two calls to     
    the constructor. Note, TLazyMatrices (see below) can construct    
    TMatrix m "inplace", with only a _single_ call to the             
    constructor.                                                      
                                                                      
 2. Use "two-address instructions"                                    
        "void TMatrix::operator += (const TMatrix &B);"               
    as much as possible.                                              
    That is, to add two matrices, it's much more efficient to write   
        A += B;                                                       
    than                                                              
        TMatrix C = A + B;                                            
    (if both operand should be preserved,                             
        TMatrix C = A; C += B;                                        
    is still better).                                                 
                                                                      
 3. Use glorified constructors when returning of an object seems      
    inevitable:                                                       
        "TMatrix A(TMatrix::kTransposed,B);"                          
        "TMatrix C(A,TMatrix::kTransposeMult,B);"                     
                                                                      
    like in the following snippet (from $ROOTSYS/test/vmatrix.cxx)    
    that verifies that for an orthogonal matrix T, T'T = TT' = E.     
                                                                      
    TMatrix haar = THaarMatrix(5);                                    
    TMatrix unit(TMatrix::kUnit,haar);                                
    TMatrix haar_t(TMatrix::kTransposed,haar);                        
    TMatrix hth(haar,TMatrix::kTransposeMult,haar);                   
    TMatrix hht(haar,TMatrix::kMult,haar_t);                          
    TMatrix hht1 = haar; hht1 *= haar_t;                              
    VerifyMatrixIdentity(unit,hth);                                   
    VerifyMatrixIdentity(unit,hht);                                   
    VerifyMatrixIdentity(unit,hht1);                                  
                                                                      
 4. Accessing row/col/diagonal of a matrix without much fuss          
    (and without moving a lot of stuff around):                       
                                                                      
        TMatrix m(n,n); TVector v(n); TMatrixDiag(m) += 4;            
        v = TMatrixRow(m,0);                                          
        TMatrixColumn m1(m,1); m1(2) = 3; // the same as m(2,1)=3;    
    Note, constructing of, say, TMatrixDiag does *not* involve any    
    copying of any elements of the source matrix.                     
                                                                      
 5. It's possible (and encouraged) to use "nested" functions          
    For example, creating of a Hilbert matrix can be done as follows: 
                                                                      
    void foo(const TMatrix &m)                                        
    {                                                                 
       TMatrix m1(TMatrix::kZero,m);                                  
       struct MakeHilbert : public TElementPosAction {                
          void Operation(Real_t &element) { element = 1./(fI+fJ-1); } 
       };                                                             
       m1.Apply(MakeHilbert());                                       
    }                                                                 
                                                                      
    of course, using a special method THilbertMatrix() is             
    still more optimal, but not by a whole lot. And that's right,     
    class MakeHilbert is declared *within* a function and local to    
    that function. It means one can define another MakeHilbert class  
    (within another function or outside of any function, that is, in  
    the global scope), and it still will be OK. Note, this currently  
    is not yet supported by the interpreter CINT.                     
                                                                      
    Another example is applying of a simple function to each matrix   
    element:                                                          
                                                                      
    void foo(TMatrix &m, TMatrix &m1)                                 
    {                                                                 
       typedef  double (*dfunc_t)(double);                            
       class ApplyFunction : public TElementAction {                  
          dfunc_t fFunc;                                              
          void Operation(Real_t &element) { element=fFunc(element); } 
       public:                                                        
          ApplyFunction(dfunc_t func):fFunc(func) {}                  
       };                                                             
       ApplyFunction x(TMath::Sin);                                   
       m.Apply(x);                                                    
    }                                                                 
                                                                      
    Validation code $ROOTSYS/test/vmatrix.cxx and vvector.cxx contain 
    a few more examples of that kind.                                 
                                                                      
 6. Lazy matrices: instead of returning an object return a "recipe"   
    how to make it. The full matrix would be rolled out only when     
    and where it's needed:                                            
       TMatrix haar = THaarMatrix(5);                                 
    THaarMatrix() is a *class*, not a simple function. However        
    similar this looks to a returning of an object (see note #1       
    above), it's dramatically different. THaarMatrix() constructs a   
    TLazyMatrix, an object of just a few bytes long. A
    "TMatrix(const TLazyMatrix &recipe)" constructor follows the      
    recipe and makes the matrix haar() right in place. No matrix      
    element is moved whatsoever!                                      
                                                                      
 The implementation is based on original code by                      
 Oleg E. Kiselyov (oleg@pobox.com).                                   
                                                                      


void Allocate(Int_t no_rows, Int_t no_cols, Int_t row_lwb, Int_t col_lwb)
 Allocate new matrix. Arguments are number of rows, columns, row
 lowerbound (0 default) and column lowerbound (0 default).

~TMatrix()
 TMatrix destructor.

void Draw(Option_t *option)
 Draw this matrix using an intermediate histogram
 The histogram is named "TMatrix" by default and no title

void ResizeTo(Int_t nrows, Int_t ncols)
 Erase the old matrix and create a new one according to new boundaries
 with indexation starting at 0.

void ResizeTo(Int_t row_lwb, Int_t row_upb, Int_t col_lwb, Int_t col_upb)
 Erase the old matrix and create a new one according to new boudaries.

TMatrix(EMatrixCreatorsOp1 op, const TMatrix &prototype)
 Create a matrix applying a specific operation to the prototype.
 Example: TMatrix a(10,12); ...; TMatrix b(TMatrix::kTransposed, a);
 Supported operations are: kZero, kUnit, kTransposed, kInverted and kInvertedPosDef.

TMatrix(const TMatrix &a, EMatrixCreatorsOp2 op, const TMatrix &b)
 Create a matrix applying a specific operation to two prototypes.
 Example: TMatrix a(10,12), b(12,5); ...; TMatrix c(a, TMatrix::kMult, b);
 Supported operations are: kMult (a*b), kTransposeMult (a'*b),
 kInvMult,kInvPosDefMult (a^(-1)*b) and kAtBA (a'*b*a).

TMatrix& MakeSymmetric()
 symmetrize matrix (matrix needs to be a square one).

TMatrix& UnitMatrix()
 make a unit matrix (matrix need not be a square one). The matrix
 is traversed in the natural (that is, column by column) order.

TMatrix& Abs()
 Take an absolute value of a matrix, i.e. apply Abs() to each element.

TMatrix& Sqr()
 Square each element of the matrix.

TMatrix& Sqrt()
 Take square root of all elements.

Double_t RowNorm() const
 Row matrix norm, MAX{ SUM{ |M(i,j)|, over j}, over i}.
 The norm is induced by the infinity vector norm.

Double_t ColNorm() const
 Column matrix norm, MAX{ SUM{ |M(i,j)|, over i}, over j}.
 The norm is induced by the 1 vector norm.

Double_t E2Norm() const
 Square of the Euclidian norm, SUM{ m(i,j)^2 }.

TMatrix& NormByDiag(const TVector &v, Option_t *option)
 b(i,j) = a(i,j)/sqrt(abs*(v(i)*v(j)))

TMatrix& NormByColumn(const TVector &v, Option_t *option)
 Multiply/divide a matrix columns with a vector:
 matrix(i,j) *= v(i)

TMatrix& NormByRow(const TVector &v, Option_t *option)
 Multiply/divide a matrix row with a vector:
 matrix(i,j) *= v(j)

void Print(Option_t *) const
 Print the matrix as a table of elements (zeros are printed as dots).

void Transpose(const TMatrix &prototype)
 Transpose a matrix.

TMatrix& Invert(Double_t *determ_ptr)
 The most general (Gauss-Jordan) matrix inverse

 This method works for any matrix (which of course must be square and
 non-singular). Use this method only if none of specialized algorithms
 (for symmetric, tridiagonal, etc) matrices isn't applicable/available.
 Also, the matrix to invert has to be _well_ conditioned:
 Gauss-Jordan eliminations (even with pivoting) perform poorly for
 near-singular matrices (e.g., Hilbert matrices).

 The method inverts matrix inplace and returns the determinant if
 determ_ptr was specified as not 0. Determinant will be exactly zero
 if the matrix turns out to be (numerically) singular. If determ_ptr is
 0 and matrix happens to be singular, throw up.

 The algorithm perform inplace Gauss-Jordan eliminations with
 full pivoting. It was adapted from my Algol-68 "translation" (ca 1986)
 of the FORTRAN code described in
 Johnson, K. Jeffrey, "Numerical methods in chemistry", New York,
 N.Y.: Dekker, c1980, 503 pp, p.221

 Note, since it's much more efficient to perform operations on matrix
 columns rather than matrix rows (due to the layout of elements in the
 matrix), the present method implements a "transposed" algorithm.

Bool_t IsSymmetric() const

void Invert(const TMatrix &m)
 Allocate new matrix and set it to inv(m).

TMatrix& InvertPosDef()

Int_t Pdcholesky(const Real_t *a, Real_t *u, const Int_t n)
  Program Pdcholesky inverts a positiv definite (n x n) - matrix A,
  using the Cholesky decomposition

  Input:	a	- (n x n)- Matrix A
  		n	- dimensions n of matrices

  Output:	u	- (n x n)- Matrix U so that U^T . U = A
		return	- 0 decomposition succesful
			- 1 decomposition failed

void InvertPosDef(const TMatrix &m)
 Allocate new matrix and set it to inv(m).

const TMatrix EigenVectors(TVector &eigenValues) const
 Return a matrix containing the eigen-vectors; also fill the
 supplied vector with the eigen values.

void MakeTridiagonal(TMatrix &a, TVector &d, TVector &e)
 The comments in this algorithm are modified version of those in
 "Numerical ...". Please refer to that book (web-page) for more on
 the algorithm.
 
  /*
    
PRIVATE METHOD:
Tridiagonalise the covariance matrix according to the Householder method as described in Numerical Recipes in C section 11.2.

The basic idea is to perform $P-2$ orthogonal transformation, where each transformation eat away the off-diagonal elements, except the inner most.

   */
 

void MakeEigenVectors(TVector &d, TVector &e, TMatrix &z)
 
  /*
    
PRIVATE METHOD:
Find eigenvalues and vectors of tridiagonalised covariance matrix according to the QL with implicit shift algorithm from Numerical Recipes in C section 11.3.

The basic idea is to find matrices $\mathsf{Q}$ and $\mathsf{L}$ so that $\mathsf{C} = \mathsf{Q} \cdot \mathsf{L}$, where $\mathsf{Q}$ is orthogonal and $\mathsf{L}$ is lower triangular. The QL algorithm consist of a sequence of orthogonal transformations

\begin{displaymath}
    \mathsf{C}_s = \mathsf{Q}_s \cdot \mathsf{L}_s
    \end{displaymath}


\begin{displaymath}
    \mathsf{C}_{s+1} = \mathsf{L}_s \cdot \mathsf{Q}_s
    = \mathsf{Q}_s^T \cdot \mathsf{C}_s \cdot \mathsf{Q}_s
    \end{displaymath}

(1) If $\mathsf{C}$ have eigenvalues with different absolute value $\vert l_i\vert$, then $\mathsf{C}_s \rightarrow$ [lower triangular form] as $s\rightarrow\infty$. The eigenvalues appear on the diagonal in increasing order of absolute magnitude. (2) If If $\mathsf{C}$ has an eigenvalue $\vert l_i\vert$ of multiplicty of order $p$, $\mathsf{C}_s \rightarrow$ [lower triangular form] as $s\rightarrow\infty$, except for a diagona block matrix of order $p$, whose eigenvalues $\rightarrow l_i$.
  */
 

void EigenSort(TMatrix &eigenVectors, TVector &eigenValues)
 
  /*
    
PRIVATE METHOD:
Order the eigenvalues and vectors by ascending eigenvalue. The algorithm is a straight insertion. It's taken from Numerical Recipes in C section 11.1.
  */
 

void AMultB(const TMatrix &a, const TMatrix &b)
 General matrix multiplication. Create a matrix C such that C = A * B.
 Note, matrix C needs to be allocated.

void Mult(const TMatrix &a, const TMatrix &b)
 Compute C = A*B. The same as AMultB(), only matrix C is already
 allocated, and it is *this.

void AtMultB(const TMatrix &a, const TMatrix &b)
 Create a matrix C such that C = A' * B. In other words,
 c[i,j] = SUM{ a[k,i] * b[k,j] }. Note, matrix C needs to be allocated.

Double_t Determinant() const
 Compute the determinant of a general square matrix.
 Example: Matrix A; Double_t A.Determinant();

 Gauss-Jordan transformations of the matrix with a slight
 modification to take advantage of the *column*-wise arrangement
 of Matrix elements. Thus we eliminate matrix's columns rather than
 rows in the Gauss-Jordan transformations. Note that determinant
 is invariant to matrix transpositions.
 The matrix is copied to a special object of type TMatrixPivoting,
 where all Gauss-Jordan eliminations with full pivoting are to
 take place.

void Streamer(TBuffer &R__b)
 Stream an object of class TMatrix.



Inline Functions


                    void Invalidate()
                 TMatrix TMatrix(Int_t row_lwb, Int_t row_upb, Int_t col_lwb, Int_t col_upb)
                 TMatrix TMatrix(Int_t nrows, Int_t ncols, const Real_t* elements, const Option_t* option)
                 TMatrix TMatrix(Int_t row_lwb, Int_t row_upb, Int_t col_lwb, Int_t col_upb, const Real_t* elements, const Option_t* option)
                 TMatrix TMatrix(const TMatrix& another)
                 TMatrix TMatrix(TMatrix::EMatrixCreatorsOp1 op, const TMatrix& prototype)
                 TMatrix TMatrix(const TMatrix& a, TMatrix::EMatrixCreatorsOp2 op, const TMatrix& b)
                 TMatrix TMatrix(const TLazyMatrix& lazy_constructor)
                    void ResizeTo(const TMatrix& m)
                  Bool_t IsValid() const
                   Int_t GetRowLwb() const
                   Int_t GetRowUpb() const
                   Int_t GetNrows() const
                   Int_t GetColLwb() const
                   Int_t GetColUpb() const
                   Int_t GetNcols() const
                   Int_t GetNoElements() const
           const Real_t* GetElements() const
                 Real_t* GetElements()
                    void GetElements(Real_t* elements, const Option_t* option) const
                    void SetElements(const Real_t* elements, const Option_t* option)
           const Real_t& operator()(Int_t rown, Int_t coln) const
                 Real_t& operator()(Int_t rown, Int_t coln)
        const TMatrixRow operator[](Int_t rown) const
              TMatrixRow operator[](Int_t rown)
                TMatrix& operator=(const TMatrix& source)
                TMatrix& operator=(const TLazyMatrix& source)
                TMatrix& operator=(Real_t val)
                TMatrix& operator-=(Double_t val)
                TMatrix& operator+=(Double_t val)
                TMatrix& operator*=(Double_t val)
                  Bool_t operator==(Real_t val) const
                  Bool_t operator!=(Real_t val) const
                  Bool_t operator<(Real_t val) const
                  Bool_t operator<=(Real_t val) const
                  Bool_t operator>(Real_t val) const
                  Bool_t operator>=(Real_t val) const
                TMatrix& Zero()
                TMatrix& Apply(const TElementAction& action)
                TMatrix& Apply(const TElementPosAction& action)
                TMatrix& operator*=(const TMatrix& source)
                TMatrix& operator*=(const TMatrixDiag& diag)
                TMatrix& operator/=(const TMatrixDiag& diag)
                TMatrix& operator*=(const TMatrixRow& row)
                TMatrix& operator/=(const TMatrixRow& row)
                TMatrix& operator*=(const TMatrixColumn& col)
                TMatrix& operator/=(const TMatrixColumn& col)
                Double_t NormInf() const
                Double_t Norm1() const
                 TClass* Class()
                 TClass* IsA() const
                    void ShowMembers(TMemberInspector& insp, char* parent)
                    void StreamerNVirtual(TBuffer& b)


Author: Fons Rademakers 03/11/97
Last update: root/matrix:$Name: $:$Id: TMatrix.cxx,v 1.39 2003/05/07 17:52:27 brun Exp $
Copyright (C) 1995-2000, Rene Brun and Fons Rademakers. *


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