|
|
Garfield input is subdivided in sections:
Garfield has a limited set of control structures that can be used at any level of program input:
It is a program that can be run both interactively and in batch on a wide variety of computers without significant change in outwards appearance. The program is fully command driven but if you desire to add some pieces, you'll find no major obstacles (the program has been written in Fortran-77 and uses Patchy as pre-processor).
Additional information on:
Main -> Cell section -> algebra sub-section
graphics sub-section
...
Gas section -> algebra sub-section
graphics sub-section
...
The &MAIN command moves you back to the top level of program input, i.e. the level at which one enters the program. This is the normal environment to execute procedure Calls which use cell or gas data, e.g. in order to calculate drift lines.
&MAIN can also be used as final statement in jobs that run Magboltz to produce electron transport plots. &MAIN is in this context approximately equivalent to &STOP.
The cell and gas sections produce plots, write data sets and make their data available to the procedures when the section is left. Leaving the section can be done in 3 ways:
Example:
Global emin=100 Global emax=10000 &MAGNETIC "-> &MAGNETIC -> components" 0 0 0.4 T&GAS "-> &GAS -> options" gas-plot "-> &GAS -> write" "p10.gas" "b4000" "-> &GAS -> magboltz" argon 90 methane 10 coll 2 n-e 4 n-angle 2 ... e-range {emin,emax}
&MAIN Global n=100 Global e=emin*(emax/emin)**(("-> algebra -> functions -> row"(n)-1)/(n-1)) Call "-> Call -> transverse_diffusion"(e, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, dt) Call "-> Call -> longitudinal_diffusion"(e, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0.4, dl) Call "-> Call -> plot_graph"(e,(dt**2+dl**2),`E [V/cm]`, ... `sqrt(σ<SUB>T</SUB><SUP>2</SUP>+σ<SUB>L</SUB><SUP>2</SUP>)`, ... `Diffusion`) Call "-> Call -> plot_end"
Without the &MAIN statement, the GAS-PLOT option would have no effect, the WRITE statement would not be executed and the various procedure calls would be rejected.
Everything you enter, is simply stored. A comprehensive check of the input is only performed when leaving the section. That is also the time the compact format cell dataset is written, if requested, the layout is plotted, the cell description is printed etc.
Format:
&CELL
Additional information on:
The cell description is not touched by this, but any existing gas data is cleared when this section is entered since the transport properties of a gas depend on the magnetic field. You must therefore enter the magnetic field before entering the gas description.
[Initially, the magnetic field is off.]
Additional information on:
Some of these properties can be computed: the Magboltz program will calculate the electron drift velocity, diffusion, Townsend and attachment coefficient for nearly arbitrary gas mixtures. The Heed program takes care of clustering, also for nearly arbitrary gas mixtures.
If you have measured gas properties, or have access to measurements you trust, you can enter this data in the form of tables. One can also replace parts of the Magboltz tables with measurements.
For rapid studies which do not require great accuracy, descriptions of a few common gas mixtures are built in to the program.
All existing gas information is cleared by entering the gas section or the magnetic field section since the transport properties of a gas depend on the magnetic field.
Format:
&GAS
Additional information on:
Format:
&OPTIMISE
Additional information on:
Format:
&FIELD
Additional information on:
The central instruction is the DRIFT command, but also ARRIVAL and XT-PLOT can be useful for a coarse chamber calibration.
Additional information on:
Since signal calculation and processing is strongly experiment dependent, this section consists only of a series of building blocks with which you can build an hopefully detailed simulation of your signal. A series of procedure calls, listed at the end of the overview, form an integral part of this section.
Additional information on:
&STOP has an advantage over an end-of-file condition in that &STOP closes the current section before ending program execution. This does not happen with end-of-file. Data that is output when the section is closed, such as gas files and gas plots, are therefore lost when end-of-file is used instead of &STOP.
A section can be closed without stopping Garfield by means of the &MAIN command.
Program execution can also terminate because errors are encountered while the ON-ERROR-TERMINATE option is in effect. Such termination is equivalent to issuing a &STOP command.
Some options can also be set from the command line.
Format:
OPTIONS [NODEBUG | DEBUG] ...
[NOIDENTIFY | IDENTIFICATION] ...
[NOINPUT-LISTING | INPUT-LISTING] ...
[RECORDING | NORECORDING] ...
[PROGRESS-PRINT | NOPROGRESS-PRINT] ...
[ON-ERROR-CONTINUE | ON-ERROR-SKIP | ON-ERROR-TERMINATE] ...
[NODUMP-ON-GRAPHICS-ERROR | DUMP-ON-GRAPHICS-ERROR] ...
[WARN-BUT-WRITE | WARN-AND-NOWRITE | DELETE-OLD-MEMBER ]
Example:
opt id
Note: Actions depending on the setting of the ON-ERROR-... options are only gradually being introduced.
Additional information on:
Call gives access to a wide variety of routines and data inside Garfield. Although originally intended as a debugging aid, procedure calls are now widely used whenever the commands do not provide sufficient flexibility.
Input arguments can be Global variables, constants or expressions in terms of global variables and/or constants. Output variables are simple global variables - not constants nor expressions. An output variables which does not exist at the time of the procedure call, will be declared automatically. An existing global variable will be overwritten by the procedure.
Procedure arguments which are used as input, must have (one of) the types shown in the description. Some procedures can accept arguments of several types. Fits, for instance, can usually be done on matrices and on histograms. The descriptions of such procedures show two or more formats - one of which must be chosen, the formats should not be mixed.
To ensure that the procedures that rely on cell and gas data work, one should call them only after the cell and gas sections have been left (e.g. via &MAIN) - it is not enough to have entered the cell and gas data, cell and gas data become available to the procedures only when the sections have been left.
Format:
CALL procedure(arg1, arg2, ... )
Examples are given in the descriptions of most procedures.
Additional information on:
Do loops are used to repeatedly execute a set of lines.
There are 3 types of loops in Garfield:
Do not attempt to input a file with < while in a Do loop.
Format of a "From-Step-To" loop:
For var From from [Step step] To to [While while] [Until until] Do [statement | Leave [var] | Iterate [var]] ... Enddo
Example:
For i From 1 To 5 Do
Say "Now I has the value {I}."
Enddo
Say "Finished !"
Format of an "In" loop:
For var In in [While while] [Until until] Do [statement | Leave [var] | Iterate [var]] ... Enddo
Example:
Vector angles 0 1 2 5 10 30 60 90For angle In angles Do &SIGNAL (various signal settings required here) track 0.2 2 0.2 {2+0.4*tan(pi*angle/180)} pion energy 5 GeV signal Enddo
Signals are computed for tracks at various inclinations.
Format for a "Leave" loop:
[While while] [Until until] Do [statement | Leave [var] | Iterate [var]] ... Enddo
Example:
Do
Say "Please enter a number"
Parse Terminal x
If "-> algebra -> functions -> type"(x)=`Number` Then Leave
Say "{x} is not a number, try again"
Enddo
Say "You entered {x}"
This fragment will keep asking for a value to be given to x until what the user types can be identified as being numeric.
Additional information on:
Assigns a value to a global variable, declares a global variable or lists the currently known global variables, depending on the number of arguments.
Global variables are used for the substitution of an expression in input statements and they play a key role in Do loops, procedure Calls and in conditionally executed If_lines and If_blocks.
This statement has up to 2 arguments:
If there are no arguments: All currently defined globals are listed with their type and value. You will see that the list includes a few predefined globals. Occasionally, you will find globals with names that do not comply with the naming conventions for variables. These are copies of globals which must be kept even if you modify the original. If you wish to see the value of only a single variable, then use Say. To list all currently known strings, matrices and histograms, use the LIST_STRINGS, LIST_MATRICES, and LIST_HISTOGRAMS procedures.
When the value is omitted:
When both a variable name and a value are supplied:
If you wish to use the type of a global variable in a formula, then use either the TYPE function or the INQUIRE_TYPE procedure.
Format:
Global variable [value]
Examples:
Global my_name=`abc DEF`Global argon=80 Global ethane=20 Global member=`a`/"-> algebra -> functions -> string"(argon)/`e`/string(ethane)
The first example assigns the character string "abc DEF" to the variable my_name. In the second example, a suitable member name of a compact gas description is constructed from the argon and ethane contents. Note that no curly brackets are used.
Additional information on:
If blocks are used to conditionally execute a group of statements and to execute only one of a set of groups of statements depending on a series of conditions. If blocks may be nested and may also contain entire Do loops in their branches.
Format:
If condition Then
statements
[Elseif condition Then
statements]
[Else
statements]
Endif
Example:
If vax Then
get 'disk$food:[garfield]lasagne.dat'
Elseif cray|apollo|sun Then
If Cray Then $ fetch //food/garfield/lasagne.dat ...
-t'fn=FOOD,ft=LASAGNE'
get "//food/garfield/lasagne.dat"
Elseif cms Then
get food.lasagne.*
Else
Say "No GET for this machine; stopping."
& stop
Endif
In this example, a cell (or gas) compact description is fetched from a file - the name depends on the machine. In the case of the Cray, the file is first read from the IBM.
Additional information on:
The If line is used to execute conditionally only one line, for instance a &STOP if the amount of CPU time left to the job is less than a few seconds. An If line is also used to conditionally execute an entire Do loop.
Format 1:
If condition Then statement
Format 2:
If cond Then ... Dostatement | Leave [var] | Iterate [var]
Enddo
Examples:
If time_left<10 Then & stop If vax Then Say "Running on a Vax."If x>10 Then For i From 10 To 1 Step -1 Do If entier(i/3+0.001)=3 Then Iterate Say "x+i/3 = {x+i/3}" Enddo
Additional information on:
This instruction enables you to make input files that prompt for parameters. For instance, in a magnetic field section, you could ask for the value of the magnetic field and then issue a COMPONENTS instruction with the B-field the user specifies. You could also ask the user to enter the name of a cell description and then load it from a library of such descriptions.
If you're familiar with REXX, you'll note the similarity with the REXX command by the same name, even if the REXX syntax is far richer than what is offered here.
By default, the values found on input are assigned Literally to the Global. You can also request evaluation of the input prior to assignment by using the Evaluate option.
Format:
Parse [Literal | Evaluate] ...
{Argument | Global var | Input | Terminal | Value expression} ...
template
Example 1: Get the piece before and after the decimal dot of pi**2
Parse Val pi**2 int'.'frac
Example 2: Ask for a yes/no answer
&FIELD
Global yes=True
Global no=False
Say "Make a 3D plot ? (yes/no)"
Until OK Do
Parse Evaluate Terminal plot_3D
Call inquire_type(plot_3D,type)
If type=`Logical` Then
Global OK=True
Else
Say "Please give an answer that evaluates to True or False."
Global OK=False
Endif
Enddo
If plot_3D Then plot surface
The usual initialisation files set the global variables YES and NO to respectively True and False. Since we use the Evaluate option, one can simply reply with "yes" or "no" (without typing the quotes), but one may also answer with any expression that evaluates to a Logical such as 3>4. If the default Literal mode were used, only True and False would be accepted.
Example 3: Ask for a cell name
Say "Please enter the name of the cell to be read:"
Parse Terminal cell
(The user responds with e.g. DC1)
get cell.lib {cell}
Here we use the default Literal mode - the response, DC1, will be classified as string and there is no need for quotes. We could also use the Evaluate mode but then reverse quotes would be required around the user response since we do not want DC1 to be evaluated as if it were a global.
Example 4: An argument to an input file
Assume we have the following input file called "plot_gas":
Parse Arg gas
Call "-> Call -> inquire_file"(gas/`.gas`,exist)
If ~exist Then
Say "{gas}.gas does not exist."
Else
&GAS
get "{gas}.gas"
opt gas-plot
&MAIN
Endif
and a set of gas files with such names as "p10.gas", then we could plot the gas data with a command like:
< plot_gas p10
Additional information on:
Format:
SAY string
Example:
Say "Only {time_left} seconds left !"
Prints the value of a predefined global variable.
Newly created Matrices are 1-dimensional and have a length that is equal to the number of elements entered. Matrices can be given another shape with the RESHAPE_MATRIX procedure.
For existing 1-dimensional Matrices, a new vector is created that replaces the old one. For higher dimensional Matrices, however, the number of dimensions and the size are kept as they were, and new elements replace old elements in the order in which the Matrix is internally stored (opposite to the Fortran convention).
The Vector statement can read data into one or more Matrices at the time. If more than one Matrix is present, then the statement should be followed by a series of lines which contain precisely one new element of each of the Matrices. If only one Matrix is present, then one may type an arbitrary number of elements on an arbitrary number of lines following the statement. In either case, there should be a blank line to signal that all elements have been entered.
Fields which are to be ignored, for instance because they do not contain numeric data, are to be identified as DUMMY.
Format:
Vector x y z ... Vector x x1 y1 z1 ... x1 x2 x3 ... x2 y2 z2 ... ... ... ... xn yn zn ... ... xn (blank line) (blank line)
Example 1:
Vector zzz 0 1 2 3 4 5 6Call reshape_matrix(zzz,2,4,pi)
The Vector statement results in a 1-dimensional matrix of length 7, called ZZZ, which contains the numbers 0 to 6. The RESHAPE_MATRIX procedure call re-arranges this vector to a 2x4 matrix. This matrix has one element more than the original vector, which is filled with the value PI.
We could have written the Vector statement using the concatenation operator & and the ROW function:
Global zzz = 0 & "-> algebra -> functions -> row"(6)
Example 2:
Vector Z dummy wK wL1 wL2 wL3 f12 f13 f23
48 Cd 0.842 0.018 0.056 0.056 0.10 0.59 0.155
49 In 0.851 0.020 0.061 0.060 0.10 0.59 0.157
50 Sn 0.860 0.037 0.065 0.064 0.17 0.27 0.157
51 Sb 0.868 0.039 0.069 0.069 0.17 0.28 0.156
52 Te 0.875 0.041 0.074 0.074 0.18 0.28 0.155
53 I 0.882 0.044 0.079 0.079 0.18 0.28 0.154
54 Xe 0.888 0.046 0.083 0.085 0.19 0.28 0.154
55 Cs 0.894 0.049 0.090 0.091 0.19 0.28 0.154
56 Ba 0.900 0.052 0.096 0.097 0.19 0.28 0.153
57 La 0.905 0.055 0.103 0.104 0.19 0.29 0.153
Here, we enter a table (an extract from the Krause fluorescence and Coster-Kronig yields tables) copied from a paper, without having to manually edit away the names of the elements. This is done by declaring the field of the element name to be "dummy".
Additional information on:
Formulae can be typed as usual in Fortran or C, with some exceptions:
Evaluation is not as quick as compiled routines but since the formulae are preprocessed and translated into an instruction_list, the losses for repeated evaluations are small compared to what would otherwise be needed in terms of human time.
The translation of the formula into an instruction list, is done independent of the data type. It may also be possible that the resulting instruction list can be executed for several data types.
Instruction lists can be edited in the algebra editor which is entered by typing a @ instead of a formula. The editor behaves like a subsection. On exit of the editor, the function is used by the calling routine to perform its task.
Additional information on:
The program ignores the portion of a physical input line that follows a double slash (//). If the line has a continuation mark (...) as last symboled before the //, then the following physical input line will be concatenated with what preceded the ellipsis.
Format:
statement // comment
Examples:
Global a=5 // initialise Abox centre -1.3 1.39 0 ... // Centre of strip 1 half-lengths 0.01 0.65 0.1 ... // Dimensions conductor-2 // Material
Garfield ignores an entire input line that begins with an asterisk (*). Also all continuation lines, as signalled with an ellipsis (...), are considered as comment.
Format:
* comment
Example:
* this is a comment ... that spans several ... lines
Additional information on:
Although Garfield datasets are sequential files for the operating system, they have for Garfield purposes the structure of libraries composed of one or more members. A member can for instance be a compact cell description, a piece of program output or a signal in Spice readable format.
Garfield datasets can be moved between machines, you may also operate on such datasets on other computers if the OS allows.
Garfield libraries are things you would not normally wish to edit except to extract an x(t)-relation or a piece of output. Instead, the program provides a set of instructions that make directory listings, list individual members and delete members.
All dataset commands start with a % sign. If you have lots of dataset commands to do, you may prefer to enter the dataset subsection by typing only the % sign, without arguments. In the dataset subsection no % has to be prefixed to the commands. You may not enter other subsections from within the dataset subsection. EXIT will get you back to the section you came from.
Additional information on:
You should not normally see KERNLIB error messages, the instruction described below is therefore mainly useful for debugging the program.
Format:
ERROR-HANDLING MESSAGE mess-id ...
[PRINT {ALWAYS | NEVER | nprint}] ...
[ABEND {NEVER | nabend}]
mess-id Is the identifier of the message as listed in the 'green book' of CERN program library writeups. Both nprint and nabend are meaningful only in the range 0 to 100. Execution is terminated at the nabend+1 occurence of the error.
For further details, see short writeup N001: http://consult.cern.ch/shortwrups/n001/top.html
Settings that are common for most of your runs can be placed more conventiently in your initialisation file. This is for instance the case of the colours and the representations.
All graphics commands start with a ! sign. If you have lots of graphics things to do, you may prefer to enter the graphics subsection by typing only the ! sign, without arguments. In the graphics subsection no ! has to be prefixed to the commands. You may not enter other subsections from within the graphics subsection. EXIT will get you back to the section you came from.
Additional information on:
If, on the other hand, it is likely that you will re-run a given set of commands several times, changing perhaps a few parameters, then it is probably more convenient to place the set of commands in a file to be read by Garfield.
To prepare such a file,
Reading a file that contains input statements, is achieved with the "<" command. The file will be read until its end, unless a label is specified and seen. While the file is being read, the global variable INPUT contains the name of the new input file. Items that follow the label, if present, are made available to the Parse Argument statement and can thus be used as arguments of the input file.
Format:
< file [<< label] [arguments]
Example:
< rpc
To read the file called "rpc" until the end of the file.
Additional information on:
Output to datasets is buffered on some systems. The output file is therefore complete only when the buffer is emptied, i.e. when the file is closed. The file is closed when you type > without file name and also when you end program execution with the &STOP command.
This command is taken care of by the low-level input reading routine. The section doesn't see it and doesn't know either where the output is being sent. You can find out whether output is being rerouting by examining the OUTPUT global variable.
Format to start rerouting:
> file [member [remark]]
Format to stop rerouting:
>
Example:
> field.map print ex,ey,e,v >
This example works in the field section. First the output is rerouted to the dataset FIELD.MAP, this file captures the long printout from the PRINT command and then output is sent to the terminal again.
Additional information on:
On systems which permit multiple versions of a file (e.g. VMS and OpenVMS), a separate copy of the recording file will be generated for each run. On other systems, the previous recording file (if any) is renamed with extension .bak, and the one-but-last recording file is deleted.
The recorded input is commonly used as input for subsequent runs.
The command to start recording is:
>> file
To stop recording, type:
>>
Example:
>> a.b Say "Recording on a.b" >> c.d Say "Recording on c.d" >> Say "Not recording anymore"
Additional information on:
The case of the command following the $ is preserved, hence there is normally no need to use quotes. One may perform substitution of expressions using curly brackets.
Format for a single line command:
$ [Aegis, DCL, Unix or VM/CMS instruction]
Format for an excursion:
$ $ $ $ (Aegis commands) (Vax commands) (Unix commands) (CMS commands) return LOGOUT exit RETURN
Examples:
$ emacs layout &Global gas_file `Ar_DME.gas` $ ls -l {gas_file}
Starts an emacs editing session and list the characteristics of the gas file.
Additional information on:
Your terminal may also lack some keys.
The initial translation table converts tabulation characters to spaces on Vax, Alpha and Unix computers.
You may occasionally also have to bypass the translation mechanism by using or modifying the escape character.
Additional information on:
Formatted on 0105-10-15 at 17:18.
