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\begin{document}
\title{
{\huge $B=$;NO@J8(B} ~\\~\\
{\huge $B%I%j%U%H%A%'%s%P!<%,%9Cf$K$*$1$k(B\\$BEE;R$N3H;6(B}\\
{\large \it{Diffusion of electrons in drift chamber gases}
}}

\author{
{\large $BEl5~G@9)Bg3XBg3X1!(B~$B9)3X8&5f2J(B}\\
{\large $BEE;R>pJs9)3X@l96(B}\\~
{\large $BJ?@.(B11$BG/EYF~3X(B}\\
{\large $B3X@RHV9f(B~~99634112}\\~\\
{\LARGE $B;aL>(B~~~~$BNkLZ(B~$B5A=((B}\\~\\
{\large $B;XF36541(B~~~$B?NF#(B~$B=$(B~~$B=u65<x(B}\\~
}

\date{$BJ?@.(B13$BG/(B1$B7n(B31$BF|(B~$BDs=P(B}

\maketitle
\pagenumbering{roman}
\tableofcontents
\listoffigures


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%\maketitle
%\tableofcontents

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%------------------------------[1.$B=xO@(B]-------------------------------------
\newpage
\chapter{$B=xO@(B}
\label{joron} 
\pagenumbering{arabic}
$B8=:_$NAGN3;RJ*M}3X<B83$G$O$^$@$^$@2rL@$5$l$F$J$$;v<B$,$"$j!"(B
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$BHt@W8!=P4o$N0LCVJ,2rG=$N8B3&$rCN$k>e$GHs>o$K=EMW$G$"$k(B

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$B$=$l$rMQ$$$F=i4|EE;R?t(B1$B8D$N3H;6$r5a$a$k$3$H$r:G=*L\I8$H$7$?!#(B


%---------------------------------------------------------------------------

%------------------------------[2.$B86M}(B]---------------------------
\newpage
\chapter{$B86M}(B}
\section{$BEE;R$N%I%j%U%H$H3H;6(B}
$B5$BNCf$NEE;R$d%$%*%s$O!"5$BN$N29EY$K1~$8$?G.1?F0$r$7$F$$$k5$BNJ,;R$HCF@->WFM$r7+$jJV$7$J$,$i!"5$BNJ,;R$HG.J?9U>uBV$K$"$k!#(B
$B$3$3$G$O!"EE;R$d%$%*%s$N?t$,5$BNJ,;R$N?t$KHf$Y$F$O$k$+$K>/$J$$>l9g$r9M$($F$$$k!#$^$?!"EE;R!"%$%*%s!"5$BNJ,;R$r$$$:$l$b(B
$B9dBN5e$H8+$J$7$F$$$k!#$3$N$h$&$JJ?9U>uBV$G$O!"EE;R$b%$%*%s$b$=$l$>$l$NB.EY(B$v$$B$O%^%C%/%9%&%'%kJ,I[$r$7$F$$$F!"(B

\begin{equation}
f(v)=4\pi nv^2{(\frac{m}{2\pi kT}}^\frac{3}{2})\exp(-\frac{mv^2}{2kT})
\label{eqn:1}
\end{equation}
$B$GI=$5$l$k!#$3$3$G!"(B$n$=$BC10LBN@QCf$NEE;R$^$?$O%$%*%s$N?t!"(B$T$=$B5$BN$N29EY(B[K]$B!"(B$k$=$B%\%k%D%^%sDj?t!"(B$m$=$BEE;R$^$?$O%$%*%s$N<ANL!"$G$"$k!#(B\\
$B$3$N$H$-$N1?F0%(%M%k%.!<(B$\varepsilon$$B$NJ,I[$O!"(B

\begin{equation}
f(\varepsilon)=2\pi n\varepsilon^\frac{1}{2}(\frac{1}{\pi kT})^{\frac{3}{2}}\exp(-\frac{\varepsilon}{kT})
\end{equation}

$B$G$"$k!#(B

$B$5$i$KG.1?F0B.EY(B$v$$B$NJ?6Q#2>hB.EY$r(B$u$$B!"G.J?9U%(%M%k%.!<(B$\varepsilon$$B$NJ?6Q$r(B$\epsilon$$B$H$9$k$H!"$=$l$>$l!"(B

\begin{equation}
<v>  =  \frac{1}{n}\int_{0}^{\infty}vf(v)dv  =  2(\frac{2kT}{\pi m})^{\frac{1}{2}}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
u \equiv <v^2>^{\frac{1}{2}} = (\frac{1}{n}\int_{0}^{\infty}v^2f(v)dv)^{\frac{1}{2}} = (\frac{3kT}{m})^{\frac{1}{2}}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\epsilon \equiv <\varepsilon> = \frac{1}{n}\int_{0}^{\infty}\varepsilon f(\varepsilon)d\varepsilon = \frac{3}{2}kT
\label{eqn:5}
\end{equation}

$B$GM?$($i$l$k!#(B
 
$B$3$3$G!"EE;R$N(B$u$$B!"(B$\epsilon$$B$NBeI=E*$JCM$r(B($BI=(B\ref{e})$B$K<($9!#(B
%**** tab *************************************
\begin{table}[hbt]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{c|ccccc} \hline
$T$[K] & 77 & 273 & 293 & 373 & 573 \\ 
$B!N!n!O(B& -196 & 0 & 20 & 100 & 300 \\ \hline
$u$[$10^7$cm/s] & 0.59 & 1.11 & 1.16 & 1.30 & 1.61\\
$\epsilon$ [$10^{-2}$eV] & 1.0 & 3.5 & 3.8 & 4.8 & 7.4 \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{$B5$BN$N29EY(B$T$[K]$B$HEE;R$NG.J?9UG.1?F0B.EY$N(Brms$BB.EY(B$u$$B5Z$SJ?6QG.%(%M%k%.!<(B$\epsilon$$B$NCM(B}
\label{e}
\end{table}
%**********************************************

$B$3$N;~!"EE;R$d%$%*%s$OG.1?F0$K$h$k5$BNJ,;R$H>WFM$7$J$,$iJ}8~$r%8%0%6%0$KJQ$(;~4V$H6&$K0\F0$7$F$f$/!#(B
$B$3$N$h$&$J0\F0$r!"$O$8$a$K6I=j$K=8$^$C$F$$$kEE;R$N=8CD$,$"$j!"$3$l$i$NEE;R$,$"$k>l=j$NC10LLL@Q$r$=$NK!@~J}8~$KC10L;~4VEv$j$K(B
$BDL2a$7$F$f$/L)EY$NN.$l$N3d9g$H$7$F!"(B

\begin{equation}
nv=-D(\frac{\partial n}{{\partial}x}+\frac{\partial n}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial n}{\partial z})=-D{\sf grad}n
\end{equation}

$B$GI=$9!#$3$N<0$r3H;6J}Dx<0$H$$$$!"$3$3$G!"(B$n$=$BL)EY!"(B$v$=$BB.EY!"(B$D$$B$O3H;678?t$G$"$k!#$^$?!"(B1$B$D$N>WFM$+$i<!$N>WFM$^$G$N4V$KEE;R$,Av$k5wN%$N(B
$BJ?6QCM$r(B$\lambda_c$$B$H$9$k$H!"<!$N$h$&$J4X78$,$"$k!#(B

\begin{equation}
D=\frac{u\lambda_c}{3}\,[cm^2/s]
\end{equation}

$B$3$3$GEyJ,G[$NK!B'$K$h$C$F!"<+M3EY#3$N5$BNJ,;R$NJ?6QG.%(%M%k%.!<$O!J<0(B\ref{eqn:5}$B!K$h$j!"29EY(B273K$B$G$O(B
$\varepsilon_T\approx0.035eV$$B$G$"$k!#29EY(B$T$
$B$K$*$1$k1?F0%(%M%k%.!<(B$\varepsilon$$B$NJ,I[$O(B

\begin{equation}
F(\varepsilon)=c\sqrt{\varepsilon}\exp(-\frac{\varepsilon}{kT})
\end{equation}

$B$G$"$k!#;~4V(B$t$=0$B$KE@(B(0,0,0)$B$K6I:_$7$F$$$?EE2YJ,I[$OB?=E>WFM$K$h$j<~JUNN0h$K3H;6$7!"86E@$rCf?4$H$7$F@55,J,I[$r7A$E$/$k!#(B
$B$3$N$H$-3H;678?t(B$D$$B$O!"$"$k;~4V(B$t$$B$K$*$$$FL)EYJ,I[$r$"$kFCDj$N6u4V:BI8(B$x$$B$K$D$$$FHyJ,$7$?>l9g$N<0(B

\begin{equation}
\frac{dN}{N}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{4\pi Dt}}\exp(-\frac{x^2}{4Dt})dx
\end{equation}

$B$K$h$C$FDj5A$9$k!#$D$^$j$3$NJ,I[$N(B1$B:BI8J}8~$K4X$9$kI8=`JP:9CM(B$\sigma_x$$B$O(B
\begin{equation}
\sigma_x=\sqrt{2Dt}
\end{equation}

$B$G$"$k!#$3$3$G;~9o(B$t$$B$K$*$1$k3H$,$j$NJ?6Q!"#1<!$NJ?6QCM$H(Brms$BCM$r(B($BI=(B\ref{D})$B$K<($9!#(B

%**** tab *************************************
\begin{table}[hbt]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{c|ccc} \hline
& $B#1<!85(B & $B#2<!85(B & $B#3<!85(B \\ \hline \hline
$\bar{r}$ & $\sqrt{4Dt/\pi}$ & $\sqrt{\pi Dt}$ & $\sqrt{16Dt/\pi}$ \\
$\sqrt{\bar{r^2}}$ & $\sqrt{2Dt}$ & $\sqrt{4Dt}$ & $\sqrt{6Dt}$ \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{$BEE;R$^$?$O%$%*%s$,3H;678?t(B$D$$B$G3H$,$k$H$-!"(B$t$$B;~4V8e$K$*$1$k3H$,$j$NJ?6QCM(B}
\label{D}
\end{table}
%**********************************************


$B3H;678?t$O2YEEN3;R$NG.1?F0$K$h$kB.EY(B$u$$B$,Bg$-$/$J$l$PBg$-$/$J$k!#(B$u=\sqrt{3kT/m}$$B$G$"$k$+$i(B$D$
$B$O$^$?N3;R$N<ANL$,Bg$-$/$J$l$P>.$/$J$k!#3H;6$9$k$H$-$=$NJ?6Q<+M39TDx(B$\lambda$$B$O!">WFMCGLL@Q(B$\sigma(\varepsilon)$$B$H(B

\begin{equation}
\lambda(\varepsilon)=\frac{1}{N\sigma(\varepsilon)}
\end{equation}

$B$N4X78$K$"$k$,!"(B$\sigma(\varepsilon)$$B$O2YEEN3;R$N1?F0%(%M%k%.!<$K$h$C$FJQ2=$9$kNL$G$"$k!#(B
$B$3$3$K(B$N=\frac{N_0\rho}{A}$$B$GC10LBN@QCf$NJ,;R?t$G$"$k!#(B$A$$B$OJ,;R<ANL!"(B$\rho$$B$O5$BNL)EY!"(B$N_0$$B$O(B
$B%"%\%,%H%m?t$G$"$k!#I8=`>uBV$G(B$N=2.69\times10^{19}$$BJ,;R(B/c$m^3$$B$G$"$k!#(B

$B$^$?EE;R$NJ?6Q<+M39TDx(B$\lambda_e$$B$O%$%*%s$N<+M39TDx$h$j$+$J$jD9$$!#$3$N$3$H$ON3;R$rEE2Y$N$J$$9dBN%\!<%k(B
$B$H$7$F<h$j07$&C1=c$J%b%G%k$G$b?dO@$G$-$k!#(B$a_1$$B$rF~<MN3;R$NH>7B$H$7!"$=$NB.EY$r(B$v_1$$B$H$7!"Bh#2$NN3;R$K$D$$$F$b(B
$BF1MM$H$9!#(B$N$$B$rC10LBN@QEv$j$NN3;RL)EY$H$9$k!##2N3;R4V$NAjBPB.EY$O(B$v_1-v_2$$B$G$"$k$+$i!"$3$NB.EY$N#2>h$NJ?6Q$O(B

\begin{equation}
<{|v_1-v_2|}^2> = <{v_1}^2-v_1v_2+{v_2}^2> = <{v_1}^2+{v_2}^2>
\end{equation}

$B$3$N;~!"(B$<t>$$B$r>WFM$+$i>WFM$^$G$NJ?6Q;~4V$H$9$k$H!"J?6Q<+M39TDx$O(B$\lambda_1=v_1<t>$$B$G$"$j!"J?6Q;~4V(B$<t>$$B$O(B

\begin{equation}
<t>=\frac{1}{\pi(a_1+a_2)^2N} \times \frac{1}{\sqrt{<{v_1}^2>+<{v_1}^2>}}
\end{equation}

$B$GM?$($i$l$k!#$b$7Fs$D$NN3;R$,N>J}$H$b5$BN$N86;R$^$?$O%$%*%s$G$"$l$P!"$@$$$?$$(B$a_1=a_2$$B!"(B$<v_1^2>+<v_2^2>$
$B$G$"$m$&$+$i!"%$%*%s$NJ?6Q<+M39TDx$O(B

\begin{equation}
\lambda_{ion} = \frac{1}{N\pi {a_2}^24\sqrt{2}}
\end{equation}

$B$G$"$k!#$3$l$KBP$7$FBh#1$NN3;R$,EE;R$J$i$P!"(B$a_1\ll a_2$$B!"(B$v_1\gg v_2$$B$G(B

\begin{equation}
\lambda_e = \frac{1}{N\pi {a_2}^2}
\end{equation}

$B$G$"$k!#$7$?$,$C$F(B$\lambda_e$$B$H(B$\lambda_{pion}$$B$O!"$*8_$$$D$.$N$h$&$J4X78$G7k$P$l$F$$$k!#(B

\begin{equation}
\lambda_e = 4\sqrt{2}\lambda_{ion} = 5.666\lambda_{ion}
\end{equation}

$B$3$N4X78<0$O$[$H$s$I$N5$BN$G$[$\@.$jN)$C$F$$$k!#(B


\section{$B;g30@~%l!<%6!<$K$h$k%$%*%s2=(B}
\label{Ionization}
$BE57?E*$J%I%j%U%H%A%'%s%P!<$N%,%9$H$7$F0lHL$K;HMQ$5$l$k$N$O!"9b$$%$%*%s2=%]%F%s%7%c%k$r;}$D(BHe,Ar$B$J$I$NIT3h@-%,%9!J4u%,%9!K$H!"(B
CH${}_4$,C${}_2$H${}_6$$B$J$I$NC:2=?eAG$N:.9g$7$?%,%9$,;H$o$l$F$$$k!#(B
$B2YEEN3;R$,$3$N%,%9Cf$rDL2a$9$k$H!"9bB.2YEEN3;R$HG^<A$NEE>l4V$G$N%/!<%m%s$NAj8_:nMQ$K$h$C$FG^<A86;R$NNe5/$H%$%*%s2=$,5/$3$k!#(B
$B%A%'%s%P!<Fb$N%,%9J,;R$r%$%*%s2=$5$;$k<jCJ$N0l$D$H$7$F!";g30@~%l!<%6!<$,MQ$$$i$l$k!#(B
$BI8=`E*$J;g30@~%l!<%6!<$N8w;R%(%M%k%.!<$O!"CbAG%l!<%6!<$K$*$$$F(B3.68eV$B$G$"$k$,!"(B1$B8w;R$G$O%,%9J,;R$r%$%*%s2=$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$J$$!#(B
$B$=$3$G!"%,%9J,;R$O#28w;R$^$G$J$i5[<}$G$-$k$H2>Dj$9$k!#(B

$B0lHLE*$J%A%'%s%P!<%,%9$NNe5/$9$k:]$NCGLL@Q$O!"(B$\sigma$${}_e$$B!c(B10${}^{-16}$$B!A(B10${}^{-20}$cm${}^2$$B$G!"(B
$B$7$-$$CM6aK5$+$i$N(B1$B8w;R$K$h$k%$%*%s2=$N>l9g!"(B
$BCGLL@Q$O!"(B$\sigma$${}_i$$B!A(B10${}^{-18}$cm${}^2$$B$H$J$k!#(B
$B$^$?!"<wL?$O$=$l$>$l!"(B$\tau$${}_e$$B!a(B10${}^{-7}$$B!A(B10${}^{-10}$s$B!"(B
$\tau$T$B!d(B10${}^{-4}$s$B$G$"$k!#(B
$N$$B$rC10L;~4V$KC10LBN@Q$rDL2a$9$k8w;R$N?t!"(B$n{}_0$$B!"(B$n{}_e$($t$)$B!"(B$n{}_i$($t$)$B$r$=$l$>$l!"4pDl>uBV!"Ne5/>uBV!"(B
$B%$%*%s>uBV$G$NJ,;R$N?t$H$9$k!#$^$?!"C10LBN@QEv$?$j$K%$%*%s2=$9$kJ,;R$N?t$O(B

\begin{equation}
\frac{dn_i}{dt} = n_e\sigma_iN
\label{eqn:N}
\end{equation}

$B$^$?M[%$%*%s$H%$%*%s2=$GH/@8$7$?EE;R$H$N:F7k9g$rL5;k$9$k$H!"Ne5/>uBV$NJ,;R$N?t$O(B

\begin{equation}
\frac{dn_e}{dt}=(n_0-n_e)\sigma_eN-n_e\sigma_iN-\frac{n_e}{\tau}=a-b_e
\label{eqn:key}
\end{equation}

\begin{equation}
a=n_0\sigma_eN
\label{eq:38}
\end{equation}

\begin{equation}
b=\frac{1}{\tau}+(\sigma_e+\sigma_i)N
\label{eq:39}
\end{equation}

$B$HI=$;$k!#$3$3$G(B(\ref{eqn:key})$B$N1&JUBh(B1$B9`$O!"Ne5/$7$?J,;R$N?t!"Bh#29`$O%$%*%s2=$7$?J,;R$N?t!"(B
$BBh#39`$ONe5/$+$i4pDl>uBV$KA+0\$7$?J,;R$N?t$G$"$k!#$h$C$F(B(\ref{eqn:key})$B$r@QJ,HO0O$r(B0$B!A(B$t$$B$H$7$F@QJ,$9$k$H!"(B

\begin{equation}
n_e(t)=\frac{a}{b}(1-e^{-bt})
\label{eq:33}
\end{equation}

$B$^$?!"(B(\ref{eqn:N})$B$K(B(\ref{eq:33})$B$rBeF~$7$F(B0$B!A(B$t$$B$^$G@QJ,$9$k$H(B

\begin{equation}
n_i(T)=\sigma_iN\frac{a}{b}\{T+\frac{1}{b}(e^{-bt}-1)\}
\label{eq:34}
\end{equation}

$B$H$J$k!#<!$K(B(\ref{eq:34})$B$K(B(\ref{eq:38})$B$rBeF~$9$k$H(B

\begin{equation}
n_i(T)=n_0\sigma_e\sigma_iN^2\frac{T}{b}\{1-\frac{1}{Tb}(1-e^{-bt})\}
\label{eq:42}
\end{equation}

$B$H$J$k!#(B$T$$B$r%l!<%6!<$N%Q%k%9I}$H$7$F!"<0$rFs$D$N>l9g$K5,Dj$7$F2r$/!#(B

\begin{enumerate}
\item $bT$ $\gg$1 \\

$B8w;R$N?t!J(B$N$$B!K$,>/$/!"Ne5/>uBV$N<wL?!J(B$\tau$$B!K$,(B$T$($10^{-9}$)$B$h$j$b==J,D9$$;~!J(B$T$ $\gg$$\tau$$B!K!"$3$N;~(B(\ref{eq:42})$B$O(B
$B<!$N$h$&$K6a;w=PMh$k!#(B

\begin{equation}
n_i(T)=n_0\sigma_e\sigma_i\frac{N^2T^2}{2}
\label{eq:43}
\end{equation}

$B$3$l$K$h$C$F%$%*%s2=$N?t$OC10LLL@QCf$N8w;R?t!"5Z$S!"%S!<%`$NI}$KFs<!$GHfNc$9$k$3$H$,$o$+$k!#(B

\item $bT$ $\ll$1 \\
$B8w;R$N?t!J(B$N$$B!K$,B?$/!"Ne5/>uBV$N<wL?!J(B$\tau$$B!K$,(B$T$$B$h$j$b==J,C;$$;~!"!J(B$T$ $\ll$$\tau$$B!K!"$3$N;~(B(\ref{eq:42})$B$O<!$N$h$&$K6a;w=PMh$k!#(B

\begin{equation}
n_i(T)=n_0\sigma_e\sigma_i\frac{N^2T}{b}
\label{eq:44}
\end{equation}

$B$3$l$K$h$C$F%$%*%s2=$N?t$OC10LLL@QCf$N8w;R$N?t$KFs<!$G!"$^$?!"%S!<%`$NI}$K0l<!$GHfNc$9$k$3$H$,$o$+$k!#(B
$B$3$3$G!"J,Jl$K(Bb$B$,$"$k$N$G!"(B(\ref{eq:39})$B$h$j!"$b$7(B

\begin{equation}
\frac{1}{\tau}\ll(\sigma_e+\sigma_i)N
\label{eq:45}
\end{equation}

$B$H2>Dj$9$k$H(B(\ref{eq:44})$B$O(B

\begin{equation}
n_i(T)=n_0\sigma_e\sigma_iN^2T\tau
\label{eq:46}
\end{equation}

$B$N$h$&$K$J$k!#$3$N<0$H(B(\ref{eq:43})$B$rHf3S$9$k$H%$%*%s2=$N?t$O(B(\ref{eq:43})$B$h$j$b!J(B2$\tau$$B!KG\>/$/$J$k$3$H$,$o$+$k!#(B
$B<!$K!"8w;R$,B?$/(B

\begin{equation}
(\sigma_e+\sigma_i)N>\frac{1}{\tau}
\label{eq:47}
\end{equation}

$B$H$9$k$H!"(B$n_e$$B$O(B

\begin{equation}
n_e\rightarrow\frac{a}{b}=\frac{n_0}{\sigma_e+\sigma_i}
\label{eq:48}
\end{equation}

$B$HI=$5$l$k$N$G(B(\ref{eq:44})$B$O(B

\begin{equation}
n_i(T)=n_0\sigma_e\sigma_i\frac{NT}{\sigma_e+\sigma_i}
\label{eq:49}
\end{equation}

$B$N$h$&$K$J$k!#(B(\ref{eq:49})$B$O%$%*%s2=$N?t$,8w;R$N?t$H%S!<%`$NI}$K0l<!$GHfNc$7$F$$$k$3$H$rI=$7$F$$$k!#(B
$B$3$3$G!"%$%*%s2=$N?t$,8w;R$N?t$KFs<!$+$i0l<!$K0MB8$9$k$h$&$KJQ2=$9$k$H$-$N>r7o$O(B

\begin{equation}
(\sigma_e+\sigma_i)NT>1
\label{eq:50}
\end{equation}

$B$G$"$k!#$3$l$O!"(B$(\sigma_i+\sigma_e)\doteq10^{-16}cm^2$$B$H$9$k$H!"(B$NTh\nu\geq100\mu J/mm^2$$B$GFs<!$+$i0l<!$XJQ2=$9$k!#(B
\end{enumerate}

$B<!$K8w;R$,%,%9J,;R$K5[<}$5$l$k$^$G$K?J$`5wN%$r(B$\lambda_{photon}>10m$$B$H$9$k$H(B

\begin{equation}
\lambda_{photon}=(\sigma_en_0)^{-1}>10^8cm
\label{eq:51}
\end{equation}

$B$H$J$k!#$3$3$G(B$\sigma_e\sim10^{-16}cm^2$$B$J$N$G!"(B$n_0<10^{13}$$B8D(B$/cm^3$$B$H$J$k!#(B
$B$3$l$OJ,05$G!"(B$0.3\times10^{-3}$Torr$B$KAjEv$9$k!#(B\\
$B$3$3$G!"(B1$B8w;R5[<}$G%$%*%s2=$,2DG=$@$H$9$k$H(B$\sigma_i10^{-16}cm^2$$B$H$7$F%l!<%6!<$N51EY$r(B1$\mu J$$B$H$7!"(B
$B%l!<%6!<$NCGLL@Q(B$S=1mm^2$$B$H$9$k$H(B$(NTS\sim10^{12})$1cm$B$"$?$j$K@8@.$5$l$k%$%*%sBP$N?t(Bn$B$O(B

\begin{equation}
n=n_0\sigma_iNTS=n_0\times10^{-4}
\label{eq:52}
\end{equation}

$B$H$J$k!#$D$^$j(B1cm$B$"$?$j(B100$B8D0J>e$N%$%*%sBP$r@8@.$7$h$&$H$9$k$H(B1$B8w;R5[<}$G%$%*%s2=$9$k$h$&$J(B
$B%$%*%s2=%]%F%s%7%c%k$NDc$$IT=cJ*$r(B$10^{-10}$Torr$B0J>e:.$<$l$P$h$$$3$H$K$J$k!#(B



%---------------------------------------------------------------------------

%------------------------------[3.$B3H;6B,DjMQ%A%'%s%P!<(B]---------------------
\newpage
\chapter{$B3H;6B,DjMQ%A%'%s%P!<(B}
\label{chamber}
$B$3$3$G$O!":#2s$N<B83$K;HMQ$7$?3H;6B,DjMQ%A%'%s%P!<$N9=B$5Z$S!"%A%'%s%P!<Fb$NF<HD$G7A@.$5$l$F$$$kEE0LJ,I[$r(B
garfield$B$H$$$&%W%m%0%i%`$G%7%e%_%l!<%7%g%s$7$?7k2L$r<($9!#(B

\section{$B%A%'%s%P!<$N9=B$(B}

\subsection{$B7A>u(B}
$B$3$N3H;6B,DjMQ%A%'%s%P!<$N:`<A$O(B1cm$B8|$N%"%k%_%K%&%`$NHD$G:n$i$l$F$*$j!"(B
$BA4BN$NBg$-$5$O(B15cm$B!_(B14cm$B!_(B14cm$B$ND>J}BN$NH"$G$"$k!#(B
$B%"%k%_%K%&%`HD$NFbB&$K$OJ|EEKI;_MQ$N%^%;%i%$%H$,E=$i$l$F$$$k!#(B
$B%l!<%6!<$NF~<MJ}8~$KBP$7!"%A%'%s%P!<$NA0LL!"8eLL$K%l!<%6!<F~<M$N0Y$NAk$,(B2cm$B!_(B6cm$B$G3+$1$F$"$j!"(B
$B$=$3$K$O@P1Q%,%i%9$,$O$a$3$s$G$"$k!#(B
$B$^$?%A%'%s%P!<$NA0LL!"8eLL$K$O%,%9%$%s!"%,%9%"%&%H$N=<E6MQ$N7j$,(B2$B%+=j3+$1$F$"$k!#(B

$B$3$3$G%A%'%s%P!<35G0?^$r(B($B?^(B\ref{gainen})$B$K<($9!#(B

%**** fig *************************************
\begin{figure}[hbt]
\begin{center}
\rotatebox{360}{\includegraphics[height=8cm]{chamber_gainen_new.eps}}
\end{center}
\caption{$B%A%'%s%P!<35G0?^(B}
\label{gainen}
\end{figure}
%**********************************************

\subsection{$BEE>l(B}
5cm$B$"$k%I%j%U%HNN0h$K0lMM$JEE>l$r$+$1$k$?$a$K!"(B0.3mm$B8|$NF<HD$,(B5mm$B4V3V$G(B10$BKg$J$i$Y$F$"$j!"(B
$B$=$l$>$l$NF<HD$O(B2.18M$B&8$NDq93$G$D$J$,$l$F$$$k!#(B
$B%I%j%U%HNN0h$HA}I}NN0h$O!"%T%s%[!<%k$ND>7B$,(B500$\mu$m$B$NF<HD$G;E@Z$i$l$F$$$k!#(B
$B%T%s%[!<%k$N$"$kF<HD$O%0%i%&%s%I$K$D$J$,$C$F$$$k$?$a!"%T%s%[!<%k$+$i0lHV1s$$F<HD$KIi$NEE05$r$+$1$k$3$H$K(B
$B$h$C$F0lMM$NEE>l$r7A@.$9$k$3$H$,=PMh$k!#(B
$B$3$NF<HD$K$h$C$F7A@.$5$l$F$$$kEE>l7A@.$O(B(\ref{Efield})$B$K>\$7$/5-$9!#(B

\subsection{$B%o%$%d!<(B}
\label{wire}
$B%l!<%6!<$NF~<MJ}8~$HJ?9T$K%;%s%9%o%$%d!<!"%U%#!<%k%I%o%$%d!<$N#2<oN`$N%o%$%d!<$,D%$C$F$"$k!#(B
$B%o%$%d!<$N%Q%i%a!<%?!<$r(B\ref{wirepara}$B$K<($9!#(B
%**** tab *************************************
\begin{table}[hbt]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{c|c|c} \hline
& $B%;%s%9%o%$%d!<(B & $B%U%#!<%k%I%o%$%d!<(B \\ \hline \hline
$B:`<A(B    & Gold-plated W & Gold-plated W  \\
$BK\?t!NK\!O(B& 1 & 4    \\
$BD>7B!N(B$\mu$m$B!O(B& 20 & 120 \\
$BD%NO!N(Bgw$B!O(B& 50 & 300 \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{$B%o%$%d!<%Q%i%a!<%?!<(B}
\label{wirepara}
\end{table}
%**********************************************

$B%;%s%9%o%$%d!<$H$OM[6K$N%o%$%d!<$G$"$j!"$3$N%;%s%9%o%$%d!<$rCf?4$KA}I}NN0h$,7A@.$5$l$k!#(B
$B:#2s$N<B83$G$O!"0l4S$7$F(B1.8kV$B$NEE05$r0u2C$7$?!#(B

$B%U%#!<%k%I%o%$%d!<$H$OA}I}NN0h$NEE>l$r0BDj$5$;$k$?$a$N%o%$%d!<$G!"(B
$B%;%s%9%o%$%d!<$rCf?4$K%T%s%[!<%k$H$OH?BPB&$KeT$K(B4$BK\D%$i$l$F$$$k!#(B
$B$3$l$i$9$Y$F$N%o%$%d!<$,F3DL$7$F$*$j!"%0%i%&%s%I$K@\CO$5$l$F$$$k!#(B
$BA02s$N<B83$^$G$O%U%#!<%k%I%o%$%d!<$O(B8$BK\;HMQ$7$F$$$?$,!"%;%s%9%o%$%d!<$N>e2<$=$l$>$l(B2$BK\$,(B
$BF<HD$r;Y$($F$$$k%^%;%i%$%HK@$K@\?($7$F$$$?0Y!"$=$N(B4$BK\$r<h$j=|$-!":#2s$N<B83$O(B
4$BK\$G9T$C$?!#(B

\subsection{${}^{55}$Fe$B$N@~8;F~<MAk(B}
\label{Fe55}
${}^{55}$Fe$B$N(BX$B@~$rF~<M$9$k0Y$N7j$H$7$F!"%A%'%s%P!<$NM[6KB&$KD>7B(B2mm$B$N4SDL7j$,3+$1$F$"$k!#(B
$B$3$N7j$+$i$N%,%9$NN.=P$rHr$1$k0Y!"%^%$%i!<%F!<%W$r%"%i%k%@%$%H$GE=$jIU$1!"%4%`$N(BO$B%j%s%0$rL)Ce$5$;$?>e$K(B
$B8|$5(B2mm$B$NF<HD$r=E$M!"6Q0l$KNO$,$+$+$k\k$K%M%8;_$a$r$7$?!#(B

\section{$BEE>l7A@.(B}
\label{Efield}
$BA0$K$b(B(\ref{wire})$B$G=R$Y$?$h$&$K:#2s$N<B83$G$O%U%#!<%k%I%o%$%d!<$N?t$r8:$i$7$?!#(B
$BA}I}NN0h$G$OEE>l$r0BDj$KJ]$?$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$$,!"%U%#!<%k%I%o%$%d!<$N?t$r8:$i$7$?0Y$K(B
$BEE>l$,0lMM$KJ]$?$l$F$J$$2DG=@-$,$"$k!#(B

$B%U%#!<%k%I%o%$%d!<$N?t$r8:$i$7$F$$$C$?;~$K!"%T%s%[!<%kIU6a$NEE0LJ,I[$,$I$N$h$&$KJQ2=$9$k$N$+$rD4$Y$k0Y$K!"(B
garfield$B$H$$$&%7%e%_%l!<%7%g%s%W%m%0%i%`$r;H$$EE0L$r7W;;$7$?!#(B

$B%A%'%s%P!<$r(BY$B<4J}8~$+$i8+$?;~$NA4BN$NEE0LJ,I[?^$r(B($B?^(B\ref{denni_all})$B!"(B
$B%U%#!<%k%I%o%$%d!<$,(B8$BK\$N;~$N%T%s%[!<%kIU6a$NEE0LJ,I[?^$r(B($B?^(B\ref{denni8})$B!"(B
$B%U%#!<%k%I%o%$%d!<$,(B6$BK\$N;~$N%T%s%[!<%kIU6a$NEE0LJ,I[?^$r(B($B?^(B\ref{denni6})$B!"(B
$B%U%#!<%k%I%o%$%d!<$,(B4$BK\$N;~$N%T%s%[!<%kIU6a$NEE0LJ,I[?^$r(B($B?^(B\ref{denni4})$B$K$=$l$>$l<($9!#(B

%**** fig *************************************
\begin{figure}[hbt]
\begin{center}
\rotatebox{360}{\includegraphics[height=8cm]{garf500-8.ps_pages.eps}}
\end{center}
\caption{$B%A%'%s%P!<A4BN$NEE0LJ,I[?^(B}
\label{denni_all}
\end{figure}
%**********************************************
%**** fig *************************************
\begin{figure}[hbt]
\begin{center}
\rotatebox{360}{\includegraphics[height=8cm]{garf12_500-8.ps_pages.eps}}
\end{center}
\caption{$BEE0LJ,I[?^!J%U%#!<%k%I%o%$%d!<(B8$BK\!K(B}
\label{denni8}
\end{figure}
%**********************************************
%**** fig *************************************
\begin{figure}[hbt]
\begin{center}
\rotatebox{360}{\includegraphics[height=8cm]{garf12_500-6.ps_pages.eps}}
\end{center}
\caption{$BEE0LJ,I[?^!J%U%#!<%k%I%o%$%d!<(B6$BK\!K(B}
\label{denni6}
\end{figure}
%**********************************************
%**** fig *************************************
\begin{figure}[hbt]
\begin{center}
\rotatebox{360}{\includegraphics[height=8cm]{garf12_500-4.ps_pages.eps}}
\end{center}
\caption{$BEE0LJ,I[?^!J%U%#!<%k%I%o%$%d!<(B4$BK\!K(B}
\label{denni4}
\end{figure}
%**********************************************


%----------------------------------------------------------------------------

%-----------------------------[4.Data acquisition system]--------------------
\newpage
\chapter{Data acquisition system}
\label{daq}

$B:#2s$N<B83$K$*$$$F:#$^$G$H0lHV0c$&E@$O!":#$^$G;HMQ$7$F$-$?(BTDC$B%b%8%e!<%k$KJQ$C$F!"(BFADC$B%b%8%e!<%k$,(B
$B;HMQ=PMh$k$h$&$K(BData acquisition system(DAQ)$B$r<+$i3+H/$7!"$=$l$rMQ$$$F%G!<%?%F!<%-%s%0$r9T$C$?E@$G$"$k!#(B
DAQ$B$H$O%G!<%?%F%$%-%s%0%7%9%F%`$NL>>N$G!"(BTDC$B!"(BADC$B!"(BFADC$B$J$I$N%b%8%e!<%k$r%W%m%0%i%`>e$G@)8f$7!"(B
$B%G!<%?$r<h$k%7%9%F%`$G$"$k!#:#2s$N(BDAQ$B$N3+H/$O9)3X1!Bg3X$NEOIt;a$H6&$K9T$C$?!#0J2<$K(BDAQ$B$K$D$$$F=R$Y$k!#(B

\section{$B6&M-%a%b%j(B}
$B:#2s$N(BDAQ$B$NFCD'$O!"(BPC$B$N%a%b%j>e$K6&M-%a%b%j$H$$$&%9%Z!<%9$r3NJ]$7$?$H$$$&E@$G$"$k!#(B
$B$^$:(BDAQ$B$N35G0?^$r!J?^(B\ref{daqgainen}$B!K$G<($9!#(B

%**** fig *************************************
\begin{figure}[htb]
\begin{center}
\rotatebox{270}{\includegraphics[height=8cm,clip]{daq_gainen.eps}}
\end{center}
\caption{Daq$B35G0?^(B}
\label{daqgainen}
\end{figure}
%**********************************************

DAQ$B$O%W%m%0%i%`$G%b%8%e!<%k$r@)8f$9$k%G!<%?%F%$%-%s%0%7%9%F%`$@$,!"%b%8%e!<%k$4$H$K%G!<%?$NFbMF$b0c$C$F$/$k!#(B
TDC$B%b%8%e!<%k$G$O;~4V>pJs$r!"(BADC$B%b%8%e!<%k$G$O%Q%k%9$N@QJ,CM$"$k$$$OGH9bCM!"(B
FADC$B%b%8%e!<%k$K4X$7$F$O!";~4V>pJs5Z$S%Q%k%9$NGH9bCM$rB,Dj$9$k$3$H$,=PMh$k!#(B
$B:#$^$G$N3H;6$NB,Dj$O(BTDC$B%b%8%e!<%k$H%G%8%?%k%*%7%m%9%3!<%W$r<g$K;HMQ$7$F$$$?$,!":#2s$N<B83$G$O(BFADC$B%b%8%e!<%k$@$1$r;HMQ$7(B
$BB,Dj$r9T$&!#(B

FADC$B$O%G!<%?$N>pJsNL$,B?$/!"%b%8%e!<%k$N?t$,A}$($k$H%G!<%?%F%$%-%s%0%9%T!<%I$bCY$/$J$C$F$7$^$&!#(B
$B$^$?!"B,Dj$r9T$&:]$K$O%b%8%e!<%k$+$i$N%G!<%?$@$1$G$J$/!"MM!9$J>pJs(B(threshold$B!"(BRun Number$B!"%$%Y%s%H?t!";~4V!"%3%a%s%H(Betc.)
$B$b3NG'$7!"5-O?$7$F$*$/I,MW$,$"$k!#$=$N$?$a%a%$%s$GF0$$$F$$$k%W%m%0%i%`$O%G!<%?%F%$%-%s%0$r$O$8$a$k$4$H$KMM!9$J>pJs$K(B
$B%"%/%;%9$9$k$?$a!"%G!<%?%F%$%-%s%0$@$1$K@lG0$G$-$J$$!#(B

$B$7$+$7?7$7$$(BDAQ$B$O(B($B?^(B\ref{daqgainen})$B$K<($7$?$h$&$K(BPC$B$N%a%b%j>e$K6&M-%a%b%j(B(shared memory)$B$H$$$&%9%Z!<%9$r!"%G!<%?%F%$%-%s%0(B
$B$N$?$a$@$1$K3NJ]$7$F$$$k!#6&M-%a%b%j$K$O!"$"$i$f$k>pJs(B(threshold$B!"(BRun Number$B!"%$%Y%s%H?t!";~4V!"%3%a%s%H(Betc.)$B$r(B
$B>o;~5-21$5$;$F$$$k$N$G!"%G!<%?%F%$%-%s%0$N%a%$%s%W%m%0%i%`$OFHN)$9$k$3$H$,$G$-!"%G!<%?%F%$%-%s%0$@$1$K@lG0$G$-$k!#(B
$B$3$N;~2hLL$K=PNO$5$l$k%Q%k%9$N%0%i%U$b!"%G%#%9%W%l%$%W%m%0%i%`$,FH<+$K6&M-%a%b%j$K%"%/%;%9$72hLL$K=PNO$7$F$$$k$?$a!"(B
$B%a%$%s%W%m%0%i%`$N%G!<%?%F%$%-%s%0%9%T!<%I$K$J$s$i1F6A$O$J$$!#(B
$B$3$N$h$&$K!"%P%C%/%0%i%s%I$GF0$$$F$$$k%a%$%s%W%m%0%i%`$OFHN)$7$F$*$j!"%G!<%?%F%$%-%s%0$@$1$K@lG0$9$k>u67$K$J$C$F$$$k!#(B

\section{NAF$B%3%^%s%I(B}
\label{NAFcommand}
DAQ$B%7%9%F%`$O!"%b%8%e!<%k$r%W%m%0%i%`$G@)8f$7$F$$$k$b$N$@$,!"D>@\(BPC$B$H%b%8%e!<%k$G%G!<%?$r$d$j<h$j$7$F$$$k$o$1$G$O$J$$!#(B
$B$=$N;~!"(BPC$B$H%b%8%e!<%k$N2M$166$H$J$k$N$,(BCAMAC$B$G$"$k!#$=$7$F!"(BCAMAC$B$K%/%l!<%H%3%s%H%m!<%i!<$H$$$&%b%8%e!<%k$r$5$7!"(B
$B$=$l<+?H$,(BPC$B$H8r?.$7$D$D!"(BCAMAC$B%b%8%e!<%k$H%G!<%?$N$d$j<h$j$r9T$&$N$G$"$k!#(B
$B%b%8%e!<%k$O(BCAMAC$B$rDL$8$F@)8f$7$F$$$k$,!"3F%b%8%e!<%k$r@)8f$9$k%3%^%s%I$,(BNAF$B%3%^%s%I$G$"$k!#(B

NAF$B%3%^%s%I$N@bL@?^$r!J?^(B\ref{NAF}$B!K$K<($9!#(B

%**** fig *************************************
\begin{figure}[htb]
\begin{center}
\rotatebox{360}{\includegraphics[height=4cm,clip]{NAFcommand.eps}}
\end{center}
\caption{NAF$B%3%^%s%I(B}
\label{NAF}
\end{figure}
%**********************************************

NAF$B%3%^%s%I$N(B(N)$B$O(BCAMAC$B$N%9%F!<%7%g%sHV9f!"(B(A)$B$O%b%8%e!<%k$N%A%c%s%M%kHV9f!"(B(F)$B$O%U%!%s%/%7%g%s%3!<%I$r0UL#$7$F$$$F!"(B
$B$3$N%3%^%s%I$r%W%m%0%i%`$NCf$KAH$_9~$^$J$1$l$P!"%b%8%e!<%k$r;HMQ$9$k$3$H$O=PMh$J$$!#(B

$B$3$3$G(BFADC$B$r;HMQ$7$?;~$N%U%!%s%/%7%g%s%3!<%I$N;H$$J}$r@bL@$9$k!#$^$:(BF=10$B$G(BFADC$B$+$i=P$5$l$F$k(BLAM(Look At Me)$B$r%/%j%"$7!"(B
$B<!$K(BF=9$B$G(BFADC$B$K;D$C$F$$$?%G!<%?$r%/%j%"$9$k!#$=$7$F:G8e$K(BF=25$B$G<B9T2DG=$K$J$k!#(B
$B$3$N>uBV$K$J$C$?;~$K(BFADC$B$K%G!<%?!J%H%j%,!<!K$,F~$l$P%b%8%e!<%kFb$N%a%b%j$K5-21$5$l$k$N$G$"$k!#(B
$B$3$N:n6H$r(BFADC$B$N$5$5$C$F$$$k(BCAMAC$B$N%9%F!<%7%g%sHV9fA4$F$G<B9T$7$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$!#(B
$B$3$N;~(BFADC$B$N%A%c%s%M%k$O(Bch=0$B$@$1$r;XDj$9$l$P(BFADC$B$N%b%8%e!<%kC10L$GM-8z$K$J$k!#(B
$B$=$7$F<!$K!"(BFADC$B$N(BLAM$B%F%9%H$r9T$&!#(BLAM$B%F%9%H$O(BFADC$B$K%G!<%?$,F~$C$F$$$k$+$r3NG'$9$k:n6H$G$"$j(B
LAM$B%F%9%H$N%3%^%s%I$O(BF=8$B$G$"$k!#$3$N:n6H$b(BFADC$B$N$5$5$C$F$$$k(BCAMAC$B$N%9%F!<%7%g%sHV9fA4$F$G<B9T$9$kI,MW$,$"$k!#(B
$B$^$?!"$3$N(BLAM$B%F%9%H$rA0=R$N(BF=10$B!"(BF=9$B!"(BF=25$B$HF1$8%9%F!<%7%g%sHV9f$N%k!<%W$G9T$&$H!"(B
$B%9%F!<%7%g%sHV9f$4$H$N%G!<%?$N0l4S@-$,$J$/$J$j$:$l$F$7$^$&>l9g$,$"$k$N$G!"JL$N%k!<%W$G9T$o$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$!#(B

$B:#2s$N<B83$G$O(BFADC$B%b%8%e!<%k$@$1$r;HMQ$7$?$N$G$"$k$,!"$3$N(BDAQ$B%7%9%F%`$O(BADC$B%b%8%e!<%k!"(B
TDC$B%b%8%e!<%k$bJ;MQ$7$F;HMQ$9$k$3$H$,=PMh$k$h$&$K$J$C$F$$$k!#(B
$B<!$K(BADC$B%b%8%e!<%k!"(BTDC$B%b%8%e!<%k$N%U%!%s%/%7%g%s%3!<%I$K$D$$$F$b@bL@$9$k!#(B
$B$3$N#2$D$OF1$8%U%!%s%/%7%g%s%3!<%I$r;HMQ$9$k$,!"(BFADC$B%b%8%e!<%k$H$O>/$70c$&!#(B
$B$^$:!"(BF=24$B$G%b%8%e!<%k<+BN$rL58z$K$9$k!#$=$7$F!"(BF=10$B$G(BFADC$B$+$i=P$5$l$F$$$k(BLAM(Look At Me)$B$r%/%j%"$7!"(B
F=9$B$G(BFADC$B$K;D$C$F$$$?%G!<%?$r%/%j%"$9$k!#:G8e$K(BF=26$B$G%b%8%e!<%k<+BN$rM-8z$K$9$k$N$G$"$k!#(B
$B$3$l$i$N:n6H$O!"(Bdaq\_camac.c(\ref{datataking}$B;2>H(B)$B$G9T$C$F$$$k!#(B\\
$B$^$?(Bdaq\_camac\_fadc\_read.c(\ref{datataking}$B;2>H(B)$B$G$O!"(BFADC$B$N5-O?$rFI$_9~$`%U%!%s%/%7%g%s%3!<%I$G$"$k(BF=0$B$b;HMQ$7$F$$$k!#(B

\section{$B%G!<%?%F%$%-%s%0%W%m%0%i%`(B}
\label{datataking}
$B:#2s$N%G!<%?%F%$%-%s%0$K4X$9$k%W%m%0%i%`$O!"Bg$-$/J,$1$k$H#5$D$KJ,N`$9$k;v$,=PMh$k!#$=$N#5$D$r<!$K<($9!#(B
\begin{itemize}
\item daq\_main.c$B!&!&!&!&!&!&!&!&!&!&!&!&!&!&0J2<$N#4$D$N%W%m%0%i%`$r$^$H$a$F$$$k!#(B
\item daq\_initial.c$B!&!&!&!&!&!&!&!&!&!&!&!&!&6&M-%a%b%j$K;D$C$F$$$k>pJs$N=i4|2=$r9T$&!#(B
\item daq\_I\_O\_cntl.c$B!&!&!&!&!&!&!&!&!&!&!&%U%!%$%k$K(BFADC$B$N%G!<%?$N=q$-9~$_$r9T$&!#(B
\item daq\_camac.c$B!&!&!&!&!&!&!&!&!&!&!&!&!&(B(\ref{NAFcommand})$B$K5-$7$?$h$&$K!"(BCAMAC$B$N@)8f$r9T$&!#(B
\item daq\_camac\_fadc\_read.c$B!&!&!&!&!&!&!&!&(BFADC$B$+$i%G!<%?$NFI$_9~$_$r9T$&(B
\end{itemize}

%**** fig *************************************
\begin{figure}[htb]
\begin{center}
\rotatebox{360}{\includegraphics[height=8cm,clip]{daq_flow_chart.eps}}
\end{center}
\caption{$B%G!<%?%F!<%-%s%0%W%m%0%i%`!&%U%m!<%A%c!<%H(B}
\label{flow}
\end{figure}
%**********************************************

($B?^(B\ref{flow})$B$K%W%m%0%i%`$NBg$^$+$JN.$l$r@bL@$9$k!#$^$:!":G=i$K%G!<%?%F!<%-%s%0$r%9%?!<%H$9$k$H!"(B
daq\_initial.c$B$G:#$^$G6&M-%a%b%j$K;D$C$F$$$?>pJs$r=i4|2=$9$k!#$3$N:n6H$O0l$D$N(BRun\_number$B$,=*N;(B
$B$9$k$^$G=i4|2=$O$5$l$:!"L\I8%$%Y%s%H$r<h$j=*$($k$^$G%G!<%?$r5-21$7$F$O<N$F$k$N$r7+$jJV$7$F$$$k!#(B
$B<!$K#1$N(Bdaq\_camac.c$B$G(BCAMAC$B<+BN$r=i4|2=$9$k!#$3$N:n6H$b0l$D$N(BRun\_number$BCf$G#12s$7$+9T$o$J$$!#(B
$B$=$7$F#2$N(Bdaq\_I\_O\_cntl.c$B$G!"(BDAQ$B$N%9%?!<%H;~4V!"%3%a%s%H!"%$%Y%s%H?t!"(BRun\_number$B$J$I$r%U%!%$%k$K=q$-9~$`$N$G$"$k!#(B
$B<!$K#3$N(Bdaq\_camac\_fadc\_read.c$B$G%G!<%?$=$N$b$N$rFI$_9~$s$G$/$k!#$3$N>\$7$$5-=R$O$9$08e$G=R$Y$k!#(B
$B$=$7$F%G!<%?$r$H$j$J$,$i(B2000word($BLs(B1000ns$BJ,$N;~4V>pJs$H(BADC$BCM!K$rFI$_9~$s$@$H$3$m$G!"6&M-%a%b%j$,$$$C$Q$$(B
$B$K$J$k$N$G%U%!%$%k$K=q$-9~$`$N$G$"$k!#$=$N$"$H$O%$%Y%s%H?t$@$1#5!"#6!"#7$r7+$jJV$9$N$G$"$k!#(B
$B$3$3$G#5$N(Bdaq\_camac.c$B$G$O!"(B(\ref{NAFcommand})$B$K5-$7$?$h$&$K(BCAMAC$B$N@)8f$r9T$C$F$$$k!#(B
$B$=$7$F:G8e$K(Bdaq\_I\_O\_cntl.c$B$G!"(BDAQ$B$N%9%H%C%W;~4V!"%3%a%s%H!"%$%Y%s%H?t!"(BRun\_number$B$J$I$r%U%!%$%k$K=q$-9~$_!"(B
$B=*N;$9$k!#(B

$B$3$N#5$D$N$&$A!"(BFADC$B$+$i%G!<%?$NFI$_9~$_$r9T$C$F$$$k(Bdaq\_camac\_fadc\_read.c$B$K$D$$$F!"(BFADC$B%b%8%e!<%k$NFCD'$b(B
$BIU$;$F>\$7$/@bL@$9$k!#(B

$B:#2s;HMQ$7$?(BFADC$B$NJ,2rG=$O!"(B8bit$B!"(B500MHz$B$G$"$k!#!J?^(B\ref{timimg}$B!K$K(BFADC$B$N%?%$%_%s%0LO<0?^$r<($9!#(B

%**** fig *************************************
\begin{figure}[htb]
\begin{center}
\rotatebox{360}{\includegraphics[height=7cm,clip]{fadc_timing_new.eps}}
\end{center}
\caption{$B%?%$%_%s%0LO<0?^(B}
\label{timimg}
\end{figure}
%**********************************************

FADC$B$K$O>o$K(B16$\mu$s$\cong$8192ch(1ch=2ns)$BJ,$N>pJs$,5-O?$5$l$F$*$j!"(B
$B>o$K8E$$>pJs$ODI$$=P$5$l?7$7$$>pJs$KF~$lBX$o$C$F$$$k!#(B
$B$7$+$7(BFADC$B$N%9%H%C%W(Bch$B$K?.9f!J%H%j%,!<!K$,F~$k$H!"$=$N;~$N(B16$\mu$s$BJ,$N%G!<%?$r(BFADC$BFb$N%a%b%j$K5-21$9$k$N$G$"$k!#(B
$B$=$l0J8e!"(Bdaq\_camac.c$B$K$h$C$F%a%b%j$N%/%j%"$,9T$o$l$J$$>l9g$O(BFADC$BFb$K5-21$5$l$?%G!<%?$O99?7$5$l$J$$!#(B

daq\_camac\_fadc\_read.c$B$G$O!"$=$N;~$N5-O?$5$l$?;~4V>pJs(B(0ch$B!A(B4095ch)$B$KBP1~$9$k(BADC$BCM$r0l$D$:$D8F$S=P$7!"(B
threshold$B$H$$$&$U$k$$$K$+$1$k!#$=$7$F(B([threshold$B$rD6$($?;~$N(BADC$BCM$N;~4V(B]-100ch)$B$r(Bstart\_time$B!"(B
([threshold$B$r2<$^$o$C$?;~$N(BADC$BCM$N;~4V(B]+100ch)$B$r(Bstop\_time$B$H$7$F6&M-%a%b%j$K5-O?$7$F$$$k!#(B
$B$3$l$O!"(Bthreshold$B$rD6$($?;~!"2<$^$o$C$?;~$NA08e(B100ch$B$bF1;~$K5-O?$5$;$k0Y$G$"$k!#(B
$B$J$<$J$i$P!"(Bthreshold$B$rD6$($?;~$+$i$N?.9f$@$1$G$O%Q%k%9$N>\$7$$>u67$,M}2r$i$J$$>l9g$,$"$j!"2r@O$N;~$K(B
$B$h$j>\$7$$>u67$rCN$k0Y$G$"$k!#(B
$B$3$N;~$N5-O?$5$l$F$$$k;~4V>pJs$O!"(Bstart\_time$B!"(Bstop\_time$B$@$1$G$"$j!"(Bstart\_time$B!A(Bstop\_time$B$G(B
$B%k!<%W$r2s$7!"(BADC$BCM$r6&M-%a%b%j$K5-O?$9$k!#$=$7$F(B2000ch$BJ,$N(BADC$BCM$,6&M-%a%b%j$KN/$C$?;~E@$G=i$a$F(B
$B%U%!%$%k$K=q$-=P$9$N$G$"$k!#(B

$B4pK\E*$K$O%Q%k%9$,#2$D$"$C$F$b#3$D$"$C$F$bF1$87+$jJV$7$@$,!"#2$D$N%Q%k%94V$N(Bthreshold$B$r2<$^$o$C$?;~$HD6$($?;~$N:9$,(B
200ch$B0J2<$N>l9g$O(Bstart\_time$B!"(Bstop\_time$B$OJQ99$5$l$J$$!#$3$N$h$&$K$7$F!"?.9f$r5-O?$7$F$$$k$N$G$"$k!#(B

$B:#2s$N3H;6$N<B83$G$O!"(Bthreshold$B$rD6$($k%Q%k%9$,#2$D0J>e8=$l$k$3$H$O$J$$$,!"F18&5f<<$N9u4d;a(B($B6a@\FsN3;RHt@W$NJ,N%@-G=(B)$B$d(B
$B:j;^;a(B($BJ?9T;g30@~%l!<%6!<%S!<%`$rMQ$$$?%I%j%U%H%A%'%s%P!<Cf$N6a@\FsHt@WJ,N%(B)$B!"(B
$BCfB<;a(B($B%_%K%8%'%C%H%;%k7?%I%j%U%H%A%'%s%P!<$N%(%M%k%.!<B;<:J,2rG=B,Dj(B)$B$N8&5f%F!<%^$K$O!"#2$D$N%Q%k%9$r$I$3$^$G@:EYNI$/J,$1$k(B
$B$3$H$,2DG=$+$J$I$N2]Bj$,$"$k!#$3$N$h$&$J>l9g$G$bHFMQ@-$,$"$k(BDAQ$B$N3+H/$r9T$C$?!#(B

\section{Rawdata$B%U%)!<%^%C%H(B}
\label{rawdataformat}
DAQ$B$G<h$C$?(BRaw$B%G!<%?$K$O!"MM!9$J>pJs(B(FADC$B$N%9%F!<%7%g%sHV9f!"%A%c%s%M%kHV9f!";~4V>pJs!"(BADC$BCM!"(Bthreshold$B$NBg$-$5!"(B
Run$BHV9f!"%$%Y%s%H?t!"(Betc.)$B$,F~$C$F$$$k!#$3$l$i$N>pJs$r$I$&$$$C$?=gHV$G!"2?(Bbit$B;H$C$F2r@OMQ$N%G!<%?$K5M$a9~$`$+$r(B
$BI=$7$?$b$N$,%U%)!<%^%C%H$G$"$k!#(B($B?^(B\ref{format})$B$K%U%)!<%^%C%H$NLO<0?^$r<($9!#(B

$B$^$:Bg$-$/J,$1$F!"(BBegin Run(BR),ADC Data(AD),END Run(ER)$B$N#3$D$KJ,N`$5$l!"$=$l$>$l$N%G!<%?$K$O(BUniversal Record Headder(URH)
$B$H$$$&6&DL$N%X%C%@!<$,(B6Word(1Word = 16bit)$BJ,:G=i$K$D$$$F$$$k!#(BURH$B$K$O!"(BBR$B!"(BAD$B!"(BER$B$4$H$N(B
$BAm(BWord$B?t!"(BFormat ID$B!"%G!<%?%?%$%W!"(BRun$BHV9f!"%$%Y%s%H?t$,=q$+$l$F$$$k!#(B
$B$3$3$G$$$&%G!<%@%?%$%W$O!"(B1=BR$B!"(B2=ER$B!"(B3=AD$B!"(B10=error$B$r<($7$F$*$j!"(BURH$B$r8+$l$P8e$K$I$s$J%G!<%?$,F~$C$F$$$k$N$+J,$k$h$&$K$J$C$F$$$k!#(B

BR$B$K$OB>$K!"%G!<%?%F%$%-%s%0$r=i$a$?;~4V!";HMQ$7$?%/%l!<%H$N<oN`!"%9%F!<%7%g%sHV9f!"%A%c%s%M%kHV9f!"(B
$B%o%$%d!<$4$H$N(Bthreshold$B!"%3%a%s%H$,!"$^$?(BER$B$K$O!"%G!<%?%F%$%-%s%0$r=*$($?;~4V!"%3%a%s%H$,5M$a9~$^$l$k!#(B

$B$=$7$F(BAD$B$K$O!"%9%F!<%7%g%sHV9f!"%A%c%s%M%kHV9f!"(BADC$BCM!"(BADC$B$KBP1~$7$?;~4V$,#2(BWord$B#1%;%C%H$G5M$a9~$^$l$k!#(B
$B$3$N;~!"(BFADC$B$r;HMQ$7$?>l9g$O(BADC$BCM$H;~4V$NN>J}$K%G!<%?$,F~$k$,!"(BADC$B$r;HMQ$7$?>l9g$O(BADC$BCM$N$_!"(BTDC$B$r;HMQ$7$?>l9g$O;~4V$N$_(B
$B%G!<%?$,F~$k$h$&$K$J$C$F$$$k!#(B

$B$3$l$O(Braw2dst.c$B$H$$$&%W%m%0%i%`$G9T$o$l$k:n6H$G$"$k!#(B

$B$3$NO@J8$N:G8e$K(Bdaq\_main.c$B!"(Bdaq\_initial.c$B!"(Bdaq\_I\_O\_cntl.c$B!"(Bdaq\_camac.c$B!"(Bdaq\_cam\\
ac\_fadc\_read.c$B!"(Braw2dst.c$B$N(B
$B%W%m%0%i%`$r0l=o$K$N$;$F$*$/!#(B

%**** fig *************************************
\begin{figure}[htb]
\begin{center}
\rotatebox{360}{\includegraphics[height=15cm,clip]{raw_data_format_new.eps}}
\end{center}
\caption{$B%U%)!<%^%C%HLO<0?^(B}
\label{format}
\end{figure}
%**********************************************


%----------------------------------------------------------------------------

%-----------------------------[5.$B3H;6$NB,Dj(B]-----------------------------------
\newpage
\chapter{$B3H;6$NB,Dj(B}
\label{experimental setup}
$B%l!<%6!<$r%A%'%s%P!<$KF~<M$7$F=i4|EE;R$r:n$j!"EE;R$r%I%j%U%H$5$;!"%;%s%9%o%$%d!<$G8!=P$7$?(B
$B?.9f$r;H$C$FEE;R$N3H;6$rB,Dj$7$?!#:#2s$NB,Dj$O!"EE>l$HF1$8J}8~$G$"$keT$N3H;6$NB,Dj$G$"$k!#(B
$B$=$N<B83AuCV5Z$SB,DjJ}K!$r$3$N>O$G5-$9!#(B

$B$^$?!"%l!<%6!<$K$h$k%$%*%s2=$K$h$C$F=i4|EE;R?t$,$$$/$D$J$N$+$rCN$k$?$a$K!"(B
$B$=$N4p=`$H$9$Y$-(B${}^{55}$Fe$B$N(BX$B@~$K$h$kB,Dj$b9T$C$?!#(B
$B%l!<%6!<$K$h$k<B83$HIU$;$F$3$N>O$G5-$9!#(B

\section{${}^{55}$Fe$B$+$iF@$i$l$k=i4|EE;R?t$NB,Dj(B}
\subsection{${}^{55}$Fe$B$N;HMQL\E*(B}
$B=i4|EE;R?t(B1$B8D$NEE;R$N3H;6$r@5$7$/B,Dj$9$k$?$a$K$O!"%l!<%6!<$K$h$C$F%$%*%s2=$5$l@8@.$5$l$k=i4|EE;R?t$r(B
1$B$D$K$7$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$!#$7$+$7!"%l!<%6!<$+$i$N?.9f$@$1$G2?8D$NEE;R$,@8@.$5$l$F$$$k$HH=CG$9$k$N$O$H$F$b:$Fq$G$"$k!#(B
$B$=$3$G(B${}^{55}$Fe$B$NJ|<M@~8;$r;HMQ$9$k$3$H$G!"(B${}^{55}$Fe$B$K$h$C$F%$%*%s2=$5$l$?EE;R$N?.9f$NGH7A$H%l!<%6!<$K$h$C$F%$%*%s2=(B
$B$5$l$?EE;R$NGH7A$rHf3S$9$k$3$H$G!"%l!<%6!<$K$h$C$F@8@.$5$l$?EE;R?t$r35;;$9$k$3$H$,=PMh$k!#(B
$B$=$3$G!"(B${}^{55}$Fe$B$+$iJ|<M$5$l$k(BX$B@~$K$h$C$F$K@8@.$7$?EE;R$N?.9f$rB,Dj$7!"%l!<%6!<F~<M$K$*$1$k=i4|EE;R?t$r5a$a$k$3$H$r(B
$BL\E*$H$7$?!#(B

$B0J2<$K(B${}^{55}$Fe$B$N@-<A$K$D$$$F=R$Y$k!#(B

\begin{itemize}
\item $BH>8:4|$O(B2.73$BG/$G$"$k!#(B
\item $B50F;EE;RJa3M$7$F(B${}^{55}$Mn$B$H$J$k!#(B
\item $B50F;EE;RJa3M$KH<$C$FH/@8$9$kFC@-(BX$B@~$N%(%M%k%.!<$O(B5.9keV$B$G$"$k!#(B
\end{itemize}

$B<B:]!"(B${}^{55}$Fe$B$NJx2u$K$h$k(BX$B@~$N>H<M$K$h$C$F$$$/$D$NEE;R$,H/@8$9$k$+$O!"%A%'%s%P!<Fb$K=<E6$9$k%,%9$N%$%*%s2=(B
$B%]%F%s%7%c%k$K$h$C$F0[$J$k!#(B
\subsection{${}^{55}$Fe$B$rMQ$$$F$NB,Dj(B}
${}^{55}$Fe$B$NGH7A$NB,Dj$O!"%l!<%6!<F~<M$K$h$kGH7A$HHf3S$9$k$?$a!"%l!<%6!<$r;HMQ$9$k>l9g$HB,Dj>r7o$rF1$8$K$9$kI,MW$,$"$k!#(B
$B$3$3$G$O!"<B83AuCV5Z$SB,DjJ}K!$r=R$Y$k!#(B
\begin{itemize}
\item $B%A%'%s%P!<(B\\
$B3H;6B,DjMQ%A%'%s%P!<$r;HMQ$7!"(B($B?^(B\ref{gainen})$B$K<($9$h$&$K!"(B${}^{55}$Fe$B$N@~8;>H<MAk$K@~8;$rE=$jIU$1!">H<M$7$?!#(B 
\item $B%,%9(B\\
$B%l!<%6!<$G$N<B83F1MM!"(BHe:C${}_2$H${}_6$$B$N%W%l%_%C%/%9%,%9$G$"$k!#(B\\$B:.9gHf$O(BHe:C${}_2$H${}_6$=49.1:50.9$B$N$b$N$r;HMQ$7$?!#(B
$B<B83;~$K$O(B100cc/min$B$NN.NL$GN.$7B,Dj$r9T$C$?!#(B
\item $B%;%s%9%o%$%d!<$N0u2CEE05(B\\
1.8kV$B$NEE05$r$+$1$?!#$3$l$O%l!<%6!<$G$N<B83$HF1$8EE05$G$"$k!#(B
\item $B%(%l%/%H%m%K%/%9!J(Bgain$BD4@0!K(B\\
$B#3Bf$N%"%s%W$r;HMQ$9$k$H!"85$N?.9f$NLs(B400$BG\$K$J$k!#$3$N;~%Q%k%9$NBg$-$5$r(B400mV$B!A(B500mV$B$K9g$;$k$?$a!"%"%F%M!<%?!<$rD4@0$7$?!#(B
$B:#2s$N<B83$G$O!"%"%F%M!<%?!<$r(B35dB$B$K$7B,Dj$7$?!#(B
\item DAQ$B%7%9%F%`(B\\
DAQ$B$O(B(\ref{daq}$B>O(B)$B$G5-$7$?$H$*$j!"(BFADC$B$rMQ$$$?%G!<%?%F%$%-%s%0%7%9%F%`$r;HMQ$7$?!#(B
\end{itemize}

$B$3$3$G$=$N$H$-$N?.9f=hM}7O$N%V%m%C%/%@%$%"%0%i%`$r(B($B?^(B\ref{Fe55BlockDiagram})$B$K<($9!#(B
%**** fig *************************************
\begin{figure}[htb]
\begin{center}
\rotatebox{360}{\includegraphics[height=10cm,clip]{Fe55block_diagram.eps}}
\end{center}
\caption{${}^{55}$Fe$B$N?.9f=hM}7O%V%m%C%/%@%$%"%0%i%`(B}
\label{Fe55BlockDiagram}
\end{figure}
%**********************************************

$B:#2s$N%G!<%?%F%$%-%s%0$K;HMQ$7$?%b%8%e!<%k$O(BFADC$B$G$"$k!#(BFADC$B$K$D$$$F$O(B(\ref{daq}$B>O(B)$B$G=R$Y$?!#(B
${}^{55}$Fe$B$G$NB,Dj$G$O!"%A%'%s%P!<$+$i$N?.9f$r%"%s%W$KF~$l!"(B2$B$D$N%"%s%W%"%&%H$N$&$A(B1$B$D$r(B
$B%G%8%?%k%G%#%l%$$G(B12.5$\mu$s$BCY$i$;(BFADC$B$N(Bstop$B?.9f$KF~$l$F$$$k!#!J%;%k%U%H%j%,!<!K(B

$B$^$?!"%A%'%s%P!<$+$i$N8!=P?.9f$O%W%l%"%s%W!"%]%9%H%"%s%W#2Bf$N7W#3Bf$N%"%s%W$H!"%"%F%M!<%?!<$KF~$l$k!#(B
$B$=$7$F:G=*E*$K$O!"$=$N?.9f$r(BFADC$B$N(Bch0$B$KF~$l!";~4V$H(BADC$BCM$r%G!<%?$H$7$F<h$k$N$G$"$k!#(B
$B:#2s#3Bf$b$N%"%s%W$r;HMQ$7$?$N$O!"(B${}^{55}$Fe$B$H%l!<%6!<$N?.9f$rHf3S$9$k:]!"(B
$B%l!<%6!<$r(BND$B%U%#%k%?!<$G<e$a$F$b?.9f$H$7$F8!=P$9$k$?$a$G$"$k!#(B
$B%W%l%"%s%W!"%]%9%H%"%s%W$GLs(B10$BG\!":G8e$N%]%9%H%"%s%W$GLs(B40$BG\!"9g$;$k$H85$N?.9f$NLs(B400$BG\$N?.9f$K$J$k!#(B
$B$3$3$G%"%F%M!<%?!<$r#3Bf$N%"%s%W$N8e$KF~$l$J$+$C$?$N$O!"%"%s%W$GF,BG$A$K$J$C$??.9f$r%"%F%M!<%?!<$G8:?j$5$;$F$b(B
$B0UL#$,$J$$$+$i$G$"$k!#$=$N$?$a%"%F%M!<%?!<$O:G8e$N%"%s%W$NA0$KF~$l!"?.9f$rB,Dj$7$?!#(B

\subsection{$B7k2L5Z$S9M;!(B}
\label{result55Fe}
${}^{55}$Fe$B$NB,Dj7k2L$r(B($B?^(B\ref{Fe55})$B$K<($9!#$^$?!"(B${}^{55}$Fe$B$NJ|<M@~8;$r$O$:$7A4$/F1$8>r7o$GB,Dj$7$?(BBackground
$B$NB,Dj7k2L$r(B($B?^(B\ref{Background})$B$K<($9!#(B
$B$=$7$F!"(B${}^{55}$Fe$B$K$h$k?.9f$H(BBackground$B$K$h$k?.9f$r=E$M9g$;$?7k2L$r(B($B?^(B\ref{Fe55+Background})$B$K!"(B
$B$=$NFs$D$r:9$70z$$$?7k2L$r(B($B?^(B\ref{Fe55-Background})$B$K<($9!#(B

%**** fig *************************************
\begin{figure}[hbt]
\begin{center}
\rotatebox{270}{\includegraphics[height=14cm,clip]{Fe55_only.eps}}
\end{center}
\caption{${}^{55}$Fe$B$K$*$1$kEE2YJ,I[$N%R%9%H%0%i%`(B}
\label{Fe55}
\end{figure}
%**********************************************

%**** fig *************************************
\begin{figure}[hbt]
\begin{center}
\rotatebox{270}{\includegraphics[height=14cm,clip]{Background.eps}}
\end{center}
\caption{Background$B$K$*$1$kEE2YJ,I[$N%R%9%H%0%i%`(B}
\label{Background}
\end{figure}
%**********************************************

%**** fig *************************************
\begin{figure}[hbt]
\begin{center}
\rotatebox{270}{\includegraphics[height=14cm,clip]{Fe55+background.eps}}
\end{center}
\caption{${}^{55}$Fe$B$H(BBackground$B$K$*$1$kEE2YJ,I[$N%R%9%H%0%i%`(B}
\label{Fe55+Background}
\end{figure}
%**********************************************

%**** fig *************************************
\begin{figure}[hbt]
\begin{center}
\rotatebox{270}{\includegraphics[height=14cm,clip]{Fe55-background.eps}}
\end{center}
\caption{${}^{55}$Fe$B$+$i(BBackground$B$r$R$$$?EE2YJ,I[$N%R%9%H%0%i%`(B}
\label{Fe55-Background}
\end{figure}
%**********************************************

$B:#2s$N<B83$G$O!"(B${}^{55}$Fe$B$N?.9f$rF@$k$?$a$K(B10000$B%$%Y%s%H$N%G!<%?$r<h$j!"2r@O$r9T$C$?!#(B
$B$3$3$G(B${}^{55}$Fe$B$N>H<M$K$h$k=i4|EE;R?t$H!"%l!<%6!<$NF~<M$K$h$k=i4|EE;R?t$NHf3S$N4p=`$H$J$k$N$,!"$=$l$>$l$N?^$N2#<4$H$J$C$F$$$k(B
charge(ADC$BCM(B)$B$G$"$k!#$7$+$7(B($B?^(B\ref{Fe55})$B$H(B($B?^(B\ref{Background})$B$+$i$o$+$k$h$&$K!"(B
${}^{55}$Fe$B$N?.9f$@$1$r<h$m$&$H$7$F$bI,$:(BBackground$B$N?.9f$,F~$C$F$7$^$&!#(B
$B$=$N$?$a!"(BBackground$B$N?.9f$@$1$r$"$($FB,Dj$7!"(B${}^{55}$Fe$B$N?.9f$+$i:9$70z$/$H$$$&:n6H$r9T$C$?!#(B
${}^{55}$Fe$B$N>H<M$@$1$+$i$J$k?.9f$N(Bcharge(ADC$BCM(B)$BJ,I[$J$i$P%,%&%9J,I[$9$k$O$:$G$"$k$,!"(B
$B:9$70z$$$?J,I[(B($B?^(B\ref{Fe55-Background})$B$O%,%&%9J,I[$K$J$C$F$$$J$$!#(B
$B$3$l$O!"(B5.9KeV$B$N%(%M%k%.!<$r$b$C$?FC@-(BX$B@~$,%,%9J,;R$r%$%*%s2=$9$k:]!"(B
5.9KeV$BJ,$N%(%M%k%.!<$G@8@.$5$l$?A4$F$NEE;R$,!"%;%s%9%o%$%d!<$KE~C#$7$F$$$J$$2DG=@-$,$"$k$+$i$G$"$k!#(B
$B$=$N$?$a!"%$%Y%s%H?t$,0lHV9b$$%T!<%/$N(BADC$BCM$h$jDc$$$H$3$m$N(BADC$BCM$K%$%Y%s%H?t$,(B
$B$?$^$C$F$7$^$C$?$H9M$($i$l$k!#(B
$B$=$3$G:#2s$O!"(B${}^{55}$Fe$B$K$*$1$k?.9f$N%T!<%/$N(BADC$BCM$r4p=`$H$7$F9M$($?!#(B

($B?^(B\ref{Fe55-Background})$B$h$j(B${}^{55}$Fe$B$N(BADC$BCM$O(B2550(ADCvalue)$B$G$"$k!#(B
$B$7$+$7(B${}^{55}$Fe$B$NB,Dj$G$O%"%F%M!<%?!<$r;HMQ$7$F$$$k$?$a!"$=$NCM$r$b$H$KLa$9I,MW$,$"$k!#(B
$B%"%F%M!<%?!<$N(B35dB$B$O(B$\frac{1}{56.2}$$B$N8:?jN($J$N$G!"(B
\begin{displaymath}
2550(ADCvalue) \times 56.2 = 143310(ADCvalue)
\end{displaymath}
$B$3$N(B143310(ADCvalue)$B$r(B${}^{55}$Fe$B$N4p=`$H$7$?!#(B

$B$^$?!":#2s;HMQ$7$?%,%9!"(BHe:C${}_2$H${}_6$=50:50$B$K$*$1$k(B1$B8D$NEE;R!&M[EE;RBP$r:n$k$N$KI,MW$J%(%M%k%.!<$O(B33.4eV$B$G$"$k!#(B
${}^{55}$Fe$B$N50F;EE;RJa3M$KH<$C$FH/@8$9$kFC@-(BX$B@~$N%(%M%k%.!<$b(B5.9keV$B$H$o$+$C$F$$$k!#(B

He:C${}_2$H${}_6$=50:50$B$N%,%9Cf$K$*$$$F!"H/@8$9$k=i4|EE;R?t$O!"(B
\begin{displaymath}
5.9(keV) \div 33.4(eV) = 5900 \div 33.4 = 176.6
\end{displaymath}
$BLs(B177$B8D$N=i4|EE;R$,@8@.$5$l$F$$$k$3$H$,$o$+$k!#(B

$B@hDx$N(B143310(ADCvalue)$B$r(B177$B8D$G3d$k$H=i4|EE;R(B1$B8D$N;~$N(BADC$BCM$,$o$+$k!#(B
\begin{displaymath}
1433100(ADCvalue) \div 176.6($B8D(B) \equiv 811.5 
\end{displaymath}
$B$h$C$FLs(B812(ADCvalue)$BIU6a$,(B1$B8D$NEE;R$N(BADC$BCM$@$H9M$($i$l$k!#(B
$B%l!<%6!<$H$NHf3S$G$O$3$NCM$rMQ$$$k$3$H$H$7$?!#(B


\clearpage
\section{$B<B83AuCV(B}
$B3H;6$rB,Dj$9$k$?$a$N<B83AuCV$K$D$$$F$=$l$>$l@bL@$9$k!#(B
\subsection{$B%l!<%6!<(B}
$B=>Mh%I%j%U%H%A%'%s%P!<$O!"2YEEN3;R$,%,%9J,;R$r%$%*%s2=$5$;!"$=$l$K$h$C$FH/@8$7$?EE;R$r8!=P$9$k$b$N$G$"$k$,!"(B
$B2YEEN3;R$K$h$C$F<h$j=P$5$l$?EE;R$r8!=P$7$F!"%I%j%U%HEE;R$N3H;6$rB,Dj$9$k$N$OMF0W$G$O$J$$!#(B
$B$=$N$?$a2YEEN3;R$NBe$o$j$H$7$F%A%'%s%P!<Fb$N%,%9J,;R$r%$%*%s2=$5$;$k<jCJ$K;g30@~%l!<%6!<$r;H$&J}K!$,$"$k!#(B
$B;g30@~%l!<%6!<$NCf$G$b!"07$$$d$9$$CbAG%l!<%6!<$rMQ$$$?!#(B

$B%l!<%6!<$r;HMQ$9$k$=$NB>$NMxE@$H$7$F<!$N$3$H$,5s$2$i$l$k!#(B
\begin{itemize}
\item $B2YEEN3;R$dJ|<M@~8;$KHf$Y$F!"<j7Z$K07$($k!#(B
\item $B%_%i!<Ey$r;HMQ$9$l$P!"%l!<%6!<$r%A%'%s%P!<$N$I$3$KF~<M$9$k$+$r@)8f=PMh$k!#(B
\item $BO"B3$7$F%l!<%6!<$rF~<M=PMh$k$N$G!"%$%Y%s%H?t$r2T$.$d$9$$!#(B
\item $B0l2s$NF~<M$K$h$C$F=PMh$k=i4|EE;R?t$,Hf3SE*0BDj$7$F$$$k!#(B
\end{itemize}

$BCbAG%,%9%l!<%6!<$,H/?6$9$k8w$NGHD9$O&K(B=337nm$B!"8w;R%(%M%k%.!<$K49;;$9$k$H(B$h$B&M(B=3.68eV$$B$G$"$k!#(B
$B%l!<%6!<$,%A%'%s%P!<Fb$KF~<M$5$l$k$H%,%9J,;R$H$NAj8_:nMQ$K$h$C$FEE;R$O@8@.$5$l$k$,!"%A%'%s%P!<%,%9$H(B
$B$7$F0lHLE*$K;HMQ$5$l$k%,%9$OCbAG%l!<%6!<$N8w;R%(%M%k%.!<$h$j9b$$%$%*%s2=%]%F%s%7%c%k$r;}$C$F$$$k!#(B
$BCbAG%l!<%6!<$K$h$k%A%'%s%P!<%,%9%$%*%s2=$N5!9=$O$O$C$-$jJ,$+$C$F$$$J$$$,!"%A%'%s%P!<%,%9$r%$%*%s2=(B
$B$5$;$k0Y$K$O!"(B1$B8w;R$G$OIT2DG=$G(B3$B8w;R0J>e$,I,MW$H$J$k!#$7$+$7!"(B3$B8w;R0J>e$K$h$k%$%*%s2=$b!"CGLL@Q$,(B
$B>.$5$$$?$a$K6K$a$F5/$j$K$/$$!#$3$l$K$O%,%9Cf$NIT=cJ*$,4X78$7$F$$$k$H9M$($i$l$k!#$=$NIT=cJ*$O(B2$B8w;R$K$h$k%$%*%s2=(B
$B$,2DG=$G!"$3$l$K$h$j@8@.$5$l$?(B2$B<!EE;R$,%,%9J,;R$N%$%*%s2=%]%F%s%7%c%k$r1[$($k$3$H$G$5$i$KEE;R$r@8@.$9$k!#(B
($BI=(B\ref{fujyun})$B$K%,%9Cf$K:.F~$,M=A[$5$l$kM-5!IT=cJ*$N%$%*%s2=%]%F%s%7%c%k$r<($9!#(B
%**** tab *************************************
\begin{table}[hbt]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{c|c} \hline
$BJ*<A(B & $B%$%*%s2=%]%F%s%7%c%k(B(eV)  \\ \hline \hline
C${}_6$H${}_5$(CH${}_3$)${}_2$ & 7.14  \\
C${}_6$H${}_5$(C${}_2$H${}_5$)${}_{2}$ & 6.76  \\
C${}_{10}$H${}_{24}$N${}_4$ & 5.36  \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{$BM-5!IT=cJ*$N%$%*%s2=%]%F%s%7%c%k(B}
\label{fujyun}
\end{table}
%**********************************************

$B$^$?!":#2s$N<B83$G;HMQ$7$?CbAG%l!<%6!<$O!"1'fF<R@=CbAG%l!<%6!<(BYKN-300$B$G$"$k!#$3$N%l!<%6!<$O!":#$^$G;HMQ$7$F$$$?(B
MOLECTRON$B<R@=$NCbAG%l!<%6!<$KHf$Y$F51EY$,<e$$0Y!"=i4|EE;R?t$r8:$i$9$H$$$&L\I8$K$OE,$7$?%l!<%6!<$G$"$k!#(B
$B1'fF<R@=CbAG%l!<%6!<(BYKN-300$B$O!"%3%s%G%s%5!<$r%@%V%k%Q%i%l%k$KG[Ns$K$79bEE05%9%$%C%A%s%0;~$NEE05$N(B
$BN)$A>e$,$j$r%3%s%H%m!<%k$9$k$3$H$K$h$C$F!"H/?6$r0BDj$5$;$F$$$k!#(B
$B$^$?EE6K$N7A>u$r9)IW$9$k$3$H$K$h$j!"%l!<%6!<H/?66/EY$rK0OB$5$;$k$3$H$J$/%S!<%`L)EY$,6Q0l$G9b$$=PNO$r(B
$BF@$k$3$H$,=PMh$k!#B>$K$bHf3SE*%7%g%C%H%N%$%:$,>.$5$$Ey$NMxE@$,$"$j!":#2s$N<B83$G;HMQ$7$?!#(B

\subsection{$B%,%9(B}
$BA*Dj$7$?%,%9$O!"=i4|EE;R?t$,>/$/$J$C$F$b%,%9A}I}N($,Bg$-$/?.9f$H$7$F8!=P$7$d$9$$(B
He:C${}_2$H${}_6$$B$N%W%l%_%C%/%9%,%9$G$"$k!#:.9gHf$O(BHe:C${}_2$H${}_6$=49.1:50.9$B$N$b$N$r;HMQ$7$?!#(B
$B<B83;~$K$O(B100cc/min$B$NN.NL$GN.$7B,Dj$r9T$C$?!#(B

\subsection{$B8w3X7O%;%C%H%"%C%W(B}
$B:#2s$N3H;6B,Dj<B83$K$*$1$k8w3X7O%;%C%H%"%C%W$r(B($B?^(B\ref{kougakusetup})$B$K<($9!#(B
%**** fig *************************************
\begin{figure}[htb]
\begin{center}
\rotatebox{360}{\includegraphics[height=8cm,clip]{kougaku_new.eps}}
\end{center}
\caption{$B8w3X7O%;%C%H%"%C%W(B}
\label{kougakusetup}
\end{figure}
%**********************************************

$BH/?6$5$l$?%l!<%6!<$O$^$:H?<M%_%i!<$GH?<M$5$l!"$=$N8e!"@P1Q$NH?F)6@$KF~<M$7!"I=LLH?<M$7$?%l!<%6!<$O(B
$B%U%)%H%@%$%*!<%I$KF~<M$9$k!#$=$l$rEE5$?.9f$KJQ49$7$F(BFADC$B$N(Bstop$B?.9f$H$7$?!#(B
$B@P1Q$NH?F)6@$rF)2a$7$?%l!<%6!<$O!"H?<M%_%i!<$K$h$C$F%A%'%s%P!<Fb$KF~<M$5$l$k$h$&$K$J$C$F$$$k!#(B
$B%A%'%s%P!<$NA0LL$K?bD>!J%;%s%9%o%$%d!<$KJ?9T!K$K%l!<%6!<(B
$B$,F~<M$9$k$h$&$K%_%i!<$N3QEYEy$rHyL/$KJQ$($J$,$i?5=E$K%"%i%$%a%s%H$r9T$C$?!#(B
$B$^$?:G8e$N%_%i!<$H%A%'%s%P!<$N4V$K$O!">GE@5wN%(B500mm$B$N>GE@%l%s%:!"%9%j%C%H!"(B
$B$=$7$F!"H?<M7?(BND$B%U%#%k%?!<$rCV$-!"%l!<%6!<$N6/$5$rJQ2=$5$;$k$3$H$,$G$-$k$h$&$K$7$?!#(B

$B%A%'%s%P!<$O(B3$B<!85E*$KA4$F$NJ}8~$KF0$+$;$k$h$&$K!"(BX$B!"(BY$B!"(BZ$B2DF0%9%F!<%8$N>e$K@_CV$7$?(B($B?^(B\ref{gainen}$B;2>H(B)$B!#(B
$B$=$7$F(BX$B<4J}8~$K2DF0$5$;$k$3$H$K$h$C$F!"%l!<%6!<$NF~<M0LCV$r0\F0=PMh$k$h$&$K$J$C$F$$$k!#(B


\subsection{$B?.9f=hM}7O(B}
\label{signalsystem}
$B:#2s$N3H;6B,Dj<B83$G$N?.9f=hM}7O$r(B($B?^(B\ref{BlockDiagram})$B$K<($9!#(B
%**** fig *************************************
\begin{figure}[htb]
\begin{center}
\rotatebox{360}{\includegraphics[height=10cm,clip]{block_diagram.eps}}
\end{center}
\caption{$B?.9f=hM}7O$N%V%m%C%/%@%$%"%0%i%`(B}
\label{BlockDiagram}
\end{figure}
%**********************************************

$B:#2s$N%G!<%?%F%$%-%s%0$K;HMQ$7$?%b%8%e!<%k$O(BFADC$B$G$"$k!#(BFADC$B$K$D$$$F$O(B(\ref{daq}$B>O(B)$B$G=R$Y$?!#(B

$B%l!<%6!<$r;HMQ$7$F$N3H;6$NB,Dj$H(B${}^{55}$Fe$B$G$NB,Dj$G$N?.9f=hM}7O$N0c$$$O%H%j%,!<$N<h$jJ}$G$"$k!#(B
${}^{55}$Fe$B$G$NB,Dj$N>l9g$O%;%k%U%H%j%,!<$K$7$F$$$?$N$KBP$7!"%l!<%6!<$NB,Dj$G$O!"(B
$B%l!<%6!<$r%U%)%H%@%$%*!<%I$KF~<M$7!"$=$l$r%H%j%,!<$H$7$F$$$k!#(B
$B%U%)%H%@%$%*!<%I$+$i$N@5$N?.9f$r%l%Y%k%"%@%W%?!<$KF~$l!"Ii$N?.9f$KJQ49$7!"(B
$B$=$N?.9f$r%G%8%?%k%G%#%l%$$G(B12.5$\mu$s$BCY$i$;?.9f$r(BFADC$B$N(Bstop$B?.9f$H$9$k!#(B

$B$^$?!"%A%'%s%P!<$+$i$N8!=P?.9f$O!"(B${}^{55}$Fe$B$G$NB,Dj$N>l9g$HF1MM$K!"#3Bf$N%"%s%W$H%"%F%M!<%?!<$r;HMQ$7(B
FADC$B$N(Bch0$B$KF~$l!";~4V$H(BADC$BCM$r%G!<%?$H$7$F<h$C$?!#(B

\section{$BB,DjJ}K!(B}
\label{experiment}
$B:#2s$N<B83$O!":#$^$G@bL@$7$F$-$?3H;6B,DjMQ%A%'%s%P!<$d<B83AuCV!"5Z$S!"(BDAQ$B$rMQ$$B,Dj$r9T$C$?!#(B
$B<B83J}K!$O0J2<$N$H$*$j$G$"$k!#(B

\begin{itemize}
\item $B%;%s%9%o%$%d!<$K$+$1$?0u2CEE05$O(B1.8kV$B$G!"0lDj$H$7$?!#(B
\item ND$B%U%#%k%?!<!J(B50\%,5\%$B!K$r;HMQ$7!"%l!<%6!<$N51EY$r<e$a(B2$B<oN`B,Dj$7$?!#$3$N$H$-(B5\%$B$O?.9f$H%N%$%:$r$o$1$k$3$H$N=PMh$k$.$j$.$j$N$H$3$m$G$"$k!#(B\\
$B$^$?!"(B50\%$B$N;~$O(B1000$B%$%Y%s%H(B,5\%$B$N;~$O?.9f$H$7$F8!=P$5$l$k%$%Y%s%H?t$,(B50\%$B$KHf$Y$F>/$J$$$N$G(B2000$B%$%Y%s%HB,Dj$7$?!#(B
\item $B%l!<%6!<$NF~<M0LCV$O!"%A%'%s%P!<$N(BX$B%9%F!<%8$r%^%$%/%m%a!<%?!<$G(B5mm$B4V3V$:$D0\F0$5$;!"(B6$BE@B,Dj$7$?!#(B\\
$B!J%;%s%9%o%$%d!<$+$i0lHV1s$$F~<M0LCV$r(B1$B$H$9$k$H(B2$B!A(B7$B$KF~<M$7$?!#!K(B
\item $B%I%j%U%HNN0h$K$+$1$kEE>l$O!"(B0.2kV/cm$B!A(B1.6kV/cm$B$N4V$G(B0.2kV/cm$B$:$DJQ2=$5$;!"(B8$B<oN`$NEE>l$GB,Dj$7$?!#(B
\item $B%"%F%M!<%?!<$r;HMQ$9$k$3$H$G!"%l!<%6!<$N6/$5$K$+$+$o$i$:?.9f$NBg$-$5$r(B400mV$B!A(B500mv$B$KD4@0$7$?!#(B
\end{itemize}

$B0J>e$N$h$&$K!"%l!<%6!<$N6/$5$K1~$8$FF~<M0LCV(B6$BE@!"EE>l(B8$B<oN`!"7W(B48$BE@$NB,Dj$r9T$C$?!#(B

%----------------------------------------------------------------------------


%-----------------------------[6.$B2r@O5Z$S7k2L(B]-------------------------------
\newpage
\chapter{$B2r@O5Z$S7k2L(B}
\label{analysis and results}
$B<B83$GF@$i$l$?%G!<%?$+$i3H;6Dj?t$r7W;;$9$k2aDx$r7k2L$H9g$;$F@bL@$9$k!#(B
\section{$B2r@OJ}K!(B}
$B:#2s$N<B83$G5a$a$kEE;R$N3H;6$O!"EE;R$N%I%j%U%HJ}8~$N3H;6!"$9$J$o$AeT$N3H;6$G$"$k!#(B
$BeT$N3H;6$H$O!"%l!<%6!<$K$h$C$F%$%*%s2=$5$l$?EE;R$,%;%s%9%o%$%d!<$KE~C#$9$k;~4VE*$P$i$D$-$r0UL#$9$k!#(B
$B2#<4$K!"$7$-$$CM$r1[$($?;~$NEE;R$NE~C#;~4V!"eT<4$K%$%Y%s%H?t$r%W%m%C%H$7%R%9%H%0%i%`$r:n$k!#(B
$B$3$N%R%9%H%0%i%`$N2#$N9-$,$j$,!"$^$5$7$/%I%j%U%H$7$F$-$?EE;R$N%I%j%U%H;~4V$N$P$i$D$-$r$"$i$o$7$F$$$k!#(B
$B$3$N%R%9%H%0%i%`$r%,%&%94X?t$K%U%#%C%F%$%s%0$9$k!#$3$N;~$NI8=`JP:9&R(B${}_t$$B$O;~4VE*$J9-$,$j$G$"$j!"(B
$B$^$?!"5wN%$N9-$,$j&R(B${}_x$$B$O$=$NEE>l$K$*$1$k%I%j%U%HB.EY$H&R(B${}_t$$B$N@Q$G7h$^$k!#(B
($B&R(B${}_x$$B!"&R(B${}_t$$B$O0LCVB,Dj$N@:EY$"$k$$$OJ,2rG=$G!"EE;R$N3H;6$r4^$`!#(B)

$B$3$3$G!"%l!<%6!<$K$h$k%,%9J,;R$N%$%*%s2=$G@8@.$5$l$k=i4|EE;R$O0lE@$G$O$J$/!"$"$kDxEYJ,;6$7$F@8@.$5$l$k!#(B
$B$3$N;~$K;O$a$+$i$b$C$F$$$?EE;R$N9-$,$j(B($B%l!<%6!<%S!<%`$N0LCVJQF0(B)$B$r&R(B${}_0$$B$H$9$k$H!"(B
$B5wN%(B$x$$B$KBP$9$k&R(B${}_x$$B$HEE;R$N3H;6&R(B${}_L$$B$H$N4X78$O(B

\begin{equation}
{$B&R(B_x}^2 = {$B&R(B_0}^2 + {$B&R(B_L}^2 
\end{equation}

$B$GI=$5$l$k!#$3$3$G%l!<%6!<$NF~<M0LCV$+$i%;%s%9%o%$%d!<$^$G$N@53N$J5wN%$O2r$i$J$$!#(B
$B$7$+$7%l!<%6!<$NF~<M0LCV$r(B6$BE@<h$j!"%^%$%/%m%a!<%?!<$GF~<M0LCV4V$r(B5mm$B4V3V$G@53N$K@)8f$9$l$P!"$=$N;~4V:9$rB,Dj$G$-$k!#(B
$B$^$?!"%$%*%s2=$G@8@.$5$l$kEE;R$,;O$a$+$i;}$C$F$$$?3H$,$j$NJ,I[$K$*$1$kI8=`JP:9&R(B${}_0$$B$N(B
$B@53N$JCM$O2r$i$J$$$,!"$3$A$i$b$^$?%l!<%6!<$NF~<M0LCV$r(B6$BE@<h$j!"(B
$B$=$N:9$r9M$($k$3$H$G&R(B${}_0$$B$OAj;&$5$l$k!#$h$C$F(B

\begin{equation}
{$B&R(B_x}^2 = {$B&R(B_L}^2 
\end{equation}


$B$H$J$k!#$^$?!"5wN%(B$x$$B%I%j%U%H$7$F$-$?;~$NEE;R$N3H;6$O!"$=$NEE>l$K$*$1$k%I%j%U%HB.EY$r(B$V{}_d$$B$H$7!"3H;678?t$r(B$D$$B$H$9$k$H(B

\begin{equation}
{$B&R(B_x} = {$B&R(B_t} \times {V_d} = \sqrt{2Dt} = \sqrt\frac{2Dx}{V_d} = \sqrt\frac{2D}{V_d}\sqrt{x} 
\label{eqn:2Dt}
\end{equation}

$B$GDj5A$5$l$k!#$^$?3H;6Dj?t(B$D{}_c$$B$O(B

\begin{equation}
{D_c} = \sqrt\frac{2D}{V_d}
\end{equation}

$B$GDj5A$9$k!#$3$3$G(B($B<0(B\ref{eqn:2Dt})$B$h$j(B

\begin{equation}
\frac{d\sigma_x^2}{dx} = \frac{2D}{V_d} 
\label{eqn:D}
\end{equation}

$B$G$"$k!#$3$N;~!"$=$l$>$l$NF~<M0LCV$K$*$1$k3H;6&R(B${}_x$$B$N(B2$B>h$r%W%m%C%H$7!":G>.#2>hK!$GD>@~$K%U%#%C%F%$%s%0$9$k!#(B
$B$3$ND>@~$N79$-$,(B$\frac{d\sigma_x^2}{dx}$$B$G$"$k!#$=$7$F(B($B<0(B\ref{eqn:D})$B$rJQ7A$9$k$H(B

\begin{equation}
\sqrt\frac{d\sigma_x^2}{dx} = \sqrt\frac{2D}{V_d} = D_c 
\label{eqn:Dc}
\end{equation}

$B$H$J$j!"$=$N79$-$NJ?J}:,$,$^$5$7$/5a$a$?$$CM!"3H;6Dj?t$G$"$k!#$7$+$7$3$N5DO@$O!"(B1$B8D$NEE;R$N4QB,$N;~$@$1$K@.$jN)$D!#(B
$B:#2s$OJ#?t8D$NEE;R$N4QB,$N$?$a!"$3$NCM$r0LCVB,DjJ,2rG=$H$7$FI=$9!#(B


\section{$B7k2L(B}
($B?^(B\ref{ND50E02})$B!"(B($B?^(B\ref{ND50E04})$B$K$O!"(B50\%$B$N;~$N%Q%k%9%T!<%/J,I[?^$H$=$N(BX$B%W%m%8%'%/%7%g%s!"(B
Charge$BJ,I[?^$H$=$N(BY$B%W%m%8%'%/%7%g%s$r<($9!#(B
($B?^(B\ref{noise})$B$O!"(BND5\%$B$N;~$N%N%$%:%+%C%HA0$N7k2L!"(B($B?^(B\ref{noisecut})$B$O%N%$%:%+%C%H8e$N7k2L$G$"$k!#(B

%**** fig *************************************
\begin{figure}[hbt]
\begin{center}
\rotatebox{270}{\includegraphics[height=17cm,clip]{ND50E02.eps}}
\end{center}
\caption{ND50\%$B!"(BE=0.2kV/cm$B!"(BAtt.=27$B$N<B837k2L(B}
\label{ND50E02}
\end{figure}
%**********************************************
%**** fig *************************************
\begin{figure}[hbt]
\begin{center}
\rotatebox{270}{\includegraphics[height=17cm,clip]{ND50E04.eps}}
\end{center}
\caption{ND50\%$B!"(BE=0.4kV/cm$B!"(BAtt.=27$B$N<B837k2L(B}
\label{ND50E04}
\end{figure}
%**********************************************

%**** fig *************************************
\begin{figure}[hbt]
\begin{center}
\rotatebox{270}{\includegraphics[height=17cm,clip]{ND5E02noise.eps}}
\end{center}
\caption{ND\%5$B!"(BE=0.2kV/cm$B!"(BAtt.=0$B$N<B837k2L!J%N%$%:%+%C%HA0!K(B}
\label{noise}
\end{figure}
%**********************************************

%**** fig *************************************
\begin{figure}[hbt]
\begin{center}
\rotatebox{360}{\includegraphics[height=17cm,clip]{ND05E02new.eps}}
\end{center}
\caption{ND\%5$B!"(BE=0.2kV/cm$B!"(BAtt.=0$B$N<B837k2L!J%N%$%:%+%C%H8e!K(B}
\label{noisecut}
\end{figure}
%**********************************************

\clearpage
($B?^(B\ref{ND50L7gauss})$B$H(B($B?^(B\ref{ND50L2gauss})$B$K!"(BND50\%$B!"(BE=0.2kVcm$B$K$*$1$k!"%l!<%6!<$NF~<M0LCV$,%;%s%9%o%$%d!<$K(B
$B0lHV6a$$;~(B($B%]%8%7%g%s#7(B)$B$H0lHV1s$$;~(B($B%]%8%7%g%s#2(B)$B$NEE;R$NE~C#;~4VJ,I[?^$r<($9!#(B

\vspace{15mm}

%**** fig *************************************
\begin{figure}[hbt]
\begin{center}
\rotatebox{270}{\includegraphics[height=9cm,clip]{ND50E02L7gauss.eps}}
\end{center}
\caption{ND50\%$B!"(BE=0.2kVcm$B!"(BLaser\_positon=7$B$N;~$NEE;R$NE~C#;~4VJ,I[?^(B}
\label{ND50L7gauss}
\end{figure}
%**********************************************
%**** fig *************************************
\begin{figure}[hbt]
\begin{center}
\rotatebox{270}{\includegraphics[height=9cm,clip]{ND50E02L2gauss.eps}}
\end{center}
\caption{ND50\%$B!"(BE=0.2kVcm$B!"(BLaser\_positon=2$B$N;~$NEE;R$NE~C#;~4VJ,I[?^(B}
\label{ND50L2gauss}
\end{figure}
%**********************************************

\clearpage
$B$^$?!"(B($B?^(B\ref{ND5L7gauss})$B$H(B($B?^(B\ref{ND5L2gauss})$B$K!"(BND5\%$B!"(BE=0.2kVcm$B$K$*$1$k!"%l!<%6!<$NF~<M0LCV$,%;%s%9%o%$%d!<$K(B
$B0lHV6a$$;~(B($B%]%8%7%g%s#7(B)$B$H0lHV1s$$;~(B($B%]%8%7%g%s#2(B)$B$NEE;R$NE~C#;~4VJ,I[?^$r<($9!#(B

\vspace{15mm}

%**** fig *************************************
\begin{figure}[hbt]
\begin{center}
\rotatebox{270}{\includegraphics[height=9cm,clip]{ND05E02L7gauss.eps}}
\end{center}
\caption{ND5\%$B!"(BE=0.2kVcm$B!"(BLaser\_positon=7$B$N;~$NEE;R$NE~C#;~4VJ,I[?^(B}
\label{ND5L7gauss}
\end{figure}
%**********************************************

%**** fig *************************************
\begin{figure}[hbt]
\begin{center}
\rotatebox{270}{\includegraphics[height=9cm,clip]{ND05E02L2gauss.eps}}
\end{center}
\caption{ND5\%$B!"(BE=0.2kVcm$B!"(BLaser\_positon=2$B$N;~$NEE;R$NE~C#;~4VJ,I[?^(B}
\label{ND5L2gauss}
\end{figure}
%**********************************************

\clearpage
$B$^$?(B($B?^(B\ref{sigma2})$B$K$O!"EE;R$NE~C#;~4VJ,I[?^$r%,%&%9%U%#%C%H$7$?;~$NI8=`JP:9(B$\sigma_t$$B$K!"(B
$B$=$N;~$NEE>l$KBP1~$7$?(BVelocity$B$r$+$1!"#2>h$7$?(B${\sigma_x}^2$$B$NF~<M0LCV$4$H$N%W%m%C%H?^$r<($9!#(B

\vspace{30mm}

%**** fig *************************************
\begin{figure}[hbt]
\begin{center}
\rotatebox{270}{\includegraphics[height=15cm,clip]{ND50E02sigma2.eps}}
\end{center}
\caption{$B%I%j%U%H5wN%$H(B${\sigma_x}^2$$B$N4X78(B}
\label{sigma2}
\end{figure}
%**********************************************


\clearpage
($B?^(B\ref{diffuC})$B$K$O!"(B($B?^(B\ref{sigma2})$B$+$i$=$l$>$l$NEE>l$4$H$K5a$a$?!"%i%$%s%U%#%C%H$N79$-!a(B$d\sigma_x^2/dx$$B$NJ?J}:,!"(B
$B3H;6Dj?t!"$9$J$o$A0LCVB,DjJ,2rG=$NEE>l0MB8@-$r<($9!#(B

\vspace{30mm}

%**** fig *************************************
\begin{figure}[hbt]
\begin{center}
\rotatebox{360}{\includegraphics[height=10cm,clip]{diffu_c.eps}}
\end{center}
\caption{$B0LCVB,DjJ,2rG=$NEE>l0MB8@-(B}
\label{diffuC}
\end{figure}
%**********************************************




%----------------------------------------------------------------------------

%-----------------------------[7.$B9M;!5Z$S:#8e$NE8K>(B]-------------------------
\newpage
\chapter{$B9M;!5Z$S:#8e$NE8K>(B}
\label{discussions and concluions}
\section{$B9M;!(B}

$B:#2s$N!"%l!<%6!<$r;HMQ$7$?EE;R$N3H;6B,Dj$K$*$1$k:G=*E*$JL\I8$O!"EE;R(B1$B8D$N3H;6$rB,Dj$9$k$H$$$&$3$H$G$"$C$?!#(B
$B$=$N$?$a$K!"(BND$B%U%#%k%?!<$r;HMQ$7%l!<%6!<$N8wNL$r$*$H$7<B83$r9T$C$?$o$1$G$"$k$,!"(B
$B$=$3$G$d$O$jLdBj$H$J$k$N$,(B($B?^(B\ref{noise})$B$+$i$b$o$+$k$h$&$K!"%N%$%:$H?.9f$r$I$N$h$&$K6hJL$9$k$+$H$$$&$3$H$G$"$k!#(B
$B$7$+$7!"$=$NLdBj$r2r7h$9$k$?$a$K:#2s$O(BDAQ$B$N3+H/$bF1;~$K9T$$!"?7$7$$(BDAQ$B$GB,Dj$r9T$C$?!#(B
$B%;%s%9%o%$%d!<$KE~C#$9$kEE;R$N?t$,8:$l$P!"I,A3E*$K?.9f$O>.$/$J$j!"%N%$%:$H6hJL$9$k$N$,:$Fq$K$J$C$F$/$k!#(B
$B:#$^$G$N(BDAQ$B$G$O%b%8%e!<%k$K(BTDC$B$r;H$$!"(Bthreshold$B$NCM$r%N%$%:$H?.9f$N6-$9$l$9$l$N$H$3$m$K@_Dj$9$k$3$H$G!"(B
$B%N%$%:$O%G!<%?$H$7$F$H$i$:!"?.9f$@$1$r%G!<%?$H$7$F$H$k$h$&$J(BDAQ$B%7%9%F%`$G$"$C$?!#(B
$B$7$+$7:#2s$N(BDAQ$B$O@h$K$b=R$Y$?$,!"%b%8%e!<%k$K(BFADC$B$r;HMQ$7;~4V$H(BADC$BCM$NN>J}$r5-21$7%G!<%?$H$7$F$H$C$F$$$k!#(B
$B$^$?(Bthreshold$B$NCM$rD6$($??.9f$NA08e(B100ch(1ch=2ns)$B$N;~4V$H(BADC$BCM$bF1;~$K%G!<%?$H$7$F;D$9!#(B
$B$=$&$9$k$3$H$G!"%N%$%:$b%G!<%?$H$7$F;D$C$F$7$^$&$,8e$N2r@O$G$h$j?<$$9M;!$,=PMh$k$N$G$"$k!#(B
 
($B?^(B\ref{noise})$B$G@bL@$9$k$H!":8>e$N%0%i%U$K%I%j%U%H;~4V$KBP1~$9$k%Q%k%9%T!<%/$NJ,I[?^$,<($7$F$"$k!#(B
$BF~<M0LCV$4$H$N?.9f$,#6K\$"$k$,!"$=$l$>$l$N$9$0:82<$K$A$g$C$H$7$?$+$?$^$j$NJ,I[$,$"$k!#(B
$B$3$l$O!"(Bthreshold$B$NCM$r$.$j$.$jD6$($?%N%$%:$N?.9f$G$"$k$,!"$3$N$h$&$J?.9f$^$G$bEE;R$NE~C#$K$h$k?.9f$H(B
$B$7$F%G!<%?%F%$%-%s%0$7$F$7$^$&$H(B$\sigma_t$$B$NCM$OHs>o$KBg$-$JCM$r$H$C$F$7$^$$!"@53N$J3H;6$NCM$,B,Dj$G$-$J$$!#(B
$B$3$l$O(BTDC$B%b%8%e!<%k$r;HMQ$7$F$$$?$H$-$K$O5$IU$+$J$$$3$H$G$"$j!"(Bthreshold$B$NCM$N<h$j$+$?<!Bh$G3H;6$NCM$,Bg$-$/(B
$BJQF0$7$F$7$^$&$H$$$&$3$H$G$"$k!#$7$+$7:#2s$N(BDAQ$B$G$O$9$Y$F%G!<%?$H$7$F;D$C$F$$$k$N$G!"(B
threshold$B$NCM$r$.$j$.$jD6$($?$,!"EE;R$NE~C#$K$h$k?.9f$K$OA4A3^`$?$J$$$H$$$&?.9f$O2r@O$NCJ3,$G%+%C%H$9$k$3$H$,(B
$B=PMh$k$N$G$"$k!#$3$&$7$?:n6H$r$9$k$3$H$G!"$h$j@53N$JEE;R$NE~C#;~4V$NJ,I[!"$$$o$f$keT$N3H;6$NCM$rB,Dj=PMh$k$h$&$K$J$C$?!#(B
$B$3$N$h$&$J$3$H$+$i$b!":#2s?7$7$/(BFADC$B%b%8%e!<%k$rMQ$$$?(BDAQ$B%7%9%F%`$r3+H/$7$?$3$H$OM-0U5A$@$C$?$H$$$($k!#(B

$B$^$?!"(BND$B%U%#%k%?!<(B5\%$B$r;HMQ$7!"%l!<%6!<$N8wNL$rMn$7$?;~$N%N%$%:%+%C%H8e$N7k2L$O(B($B?^(B\ref{noisecut})$B$K<($7$F$"$k!#(B
$B$3$N?^$N1&2<$NJ,I[?^$O!"?.9f$N(Bcharge$BJ,I[$G$"$k$,!"$3$l$O%]%"%=%sJ,I[$G$"$j!"$3$NJ,I[$NJ?6Q(Bcharge$BNL$OLs(B1300(ADCvalue)$B$G$"$k!#(B
$B$3$3$G(B(\ref{result55Fe})$B$h$j!"Ls(B812(ADCvalue)$BIU6a$,(B1$B8D$NEE;R$N(BADC$BCM$@$H9M$($i$l$k$N$G!"(B

\begin{displaymath}
1298(ADCvalue) \div 812(ADCvalue) \simeq 1.6($B8D(B)
\end{displaymath}

$B$G$"$k!#B>$NEE>l$G$_$F$b!"$d$O$j(B1.5($B8D(B)$B!A(B1.8($B8D(B)$B$N4V$K<}$^$C$F$$$k!#(B

$B$7$+$7$3$N;~!"%l!<%6!<$K$h$k%H%j%,!<$,$+$+$C$F$b!"?.9f$H$7$F8!=P$5$l$J$$;~$,$"$j!"(B
$B%H%j%,!<$,(BFADC$B%b%8%e!<%k$N(Bstop$B?.9f$KF~$C$F$b?.9f$H$7$F8!=P$5$l$J$$3d9g$,Ls(B50\%$B$"$C$?!#(B
$B$3$l$O%l!<%6!<$NH/?6$K$*$$$F!"#22s$K#12s$7$+?.9f$H$7$F8!=P$5$l$F$$$J$$$3$H$K$J$k!#(B
$B$9$Y$F$N%l!<%6!<$NH/?6$K$*$$$FJ?6Q2?8D$NEE;R$,%;%s%9%o%$%d!<$KE~C#$7$F$$$k$+$O!"(B

\begin{displaymath}
\mu_{true} = \frac{N_{signal}}{N_{signal}+N_{no\_signal}} \times \mu_{exp}
\end{displaymath}

$B$G5a$^$k!#(B
$B$3$3$G(B$\mu_{exp}$$B$O<B83CM$h$j!"Ls(B1.6$B$G$"$k!#$^$?!"(B$\frac{N_{signal}}{N_{signal}+N_{no\_signal}}$$B$OLs(B50\%(0.5)$B$h$j!"(B

\begin{displaymath}
\mu_{true} \simeq 0.8
\end{displaymath}

$B$H$J$k!#$3$3$G#18D$NEE;R$b%;%s%9%o%$%d!<$KE~C#$7$J$$3NN($b(B50\%$B$J$N$G!"$=$l$+$i(B$\mu_{true}$$B$r5a$a$k$H!"(B
$B%]%"%=%sJ,I[$N<0$h$j!"(B
\begin{displaymath}
P(0)=\frac{\mu^0}{0!}e^{-\mu}=0.5
\end{displaymath}
\begin{displaymath}
\mu_{true}=-\ln(0.5)\simeq0.7
\end{displaymath}

$B$H$J$j!"$3$3$G$bEE;R?t$O#18D$K6a$$CM$K$J$C$?!#(B

$B$h$C$F:#2s$N<B83$G$O!"(BHe:C${}_2$H${}_6$$BCf$K$*$$$F!"$h$j#18D$K6a$$EE;R$N3H;6$NCM!J3H;6Dj?t!K$r5a$a$k$3$H$,=PMh$?$H$$$($k!#(B

\section{$B:#8e$NE8K>(B}
$B:#2s$N<B83$G$O!"(BFADC$B%b%8%e!<%k$r;HMQ$9$k?7$7$$(BDAQ$B$H!"%,%9A}I}N($NBg$-$$(BHe:C${}_2$H${}_6$$B$r;HMQ$7$?$3$H$K$h$C$F(B
$B=i4|EE;R?t#18D$K6a$$3H;6$rB,Dj$9$k$3$H$,=PMh$?!#$7$+$7:#8e!"A}I}N($N>.$5$$%,%9$r;HMQ$9$k>l9g!"$h$j%N%$%:$H(B
$B?.9f$r6hJL$9$k$3$H$,:$Fq$K$J$C$F$/$k!#$h$C$F$=$N(BSN$BHf(B(Signal\ to\ Noise\ Ratio)$B$r$h$/$9$k$3$H$,I,MW$G$"$k!#(B
$B$=$N$?$a$K$O!"(Blow\ noise\ high\ signal$B$N%W%l%"%s%W$r;HMQ$7?.9f$rBg$-$/$9$k!#$^$?!"%;%s%9%o%$%d!<$r(B
$B8=:_;HMQ$7$F$$$k(B20$\mu$m$B$h$j:Y$/$9$k$3$H$GI=LLEE>l$r>e$2!"?.9f$r=PMh$k$@$1Bg$-$/$9$k$3$H$J$I$b9M$($i$l$k!#(B

$B$^$?!"$h$j3N<B$KEE;R#18D$N3H;6$@$H3NDj$9$k$K$O!"(B${}^{55}$Fe$B$H%l!<%6!<$N?.9f$NHf3S$K$O8B3&$,$"$k$h$&$K;W$($k!#(B
$B$=$l$O!"(B${}^{55}$Fe$B$+$iJ|<M$5$l$k(B5.9kV$B$N(BX$B@~$G%$%*%s2=$5$l$?EE;R$,!"A4$F%;%s%9%o%$%d!<$KE~C#$7$F$$$k$+$I$&$+$r(B
$B87L)$KB,Dj$9$kI,MW$,$"$k!#:#8e$3$N$h$&$JLdBj$r2r7h$7!"A}I}N($N>.$5$$%,%9$G$N$h$j@53N$J=i4|EE;R?t#18D$N3H;6$rB,Dj$9$k$3$H$,K>$^$l$k!#(B

%\clearpage
%\section{$B?7$7$$%A%'%s%P!<$N@=:n(B}

%**** fig *************************************
%\begin{figure}[htb]
%\begin{center}
%\rotatebox{270}{\includegraphics[height=12cm,clip]{cathod_chamber.eps}}
%\end{center}
%\caption{$B%A%'%s%P!<35N,?^(B}
%\label{hogehoge}
%\end{figure}
%**********************************************
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------

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\chapter*{$B<U<-(B}

$B?NF#8&5f<<$G#3G/4V!"9b%(%M%k%.!<J*M}$r3X$S!"$D$$$K$3$3$KO@J8$r=q$->e$2$k$3$H$,$G$-$^$7$?!#(B
$B8&5f<<$KG[B0$5$l$F$+$i$N#3G/4V!"A4$F$NLL$G8f;XF3$7$FD:$-$^$7$??NF#(B\ $B=$6541$K$O?4$+$i46<UCW$7$^$9!#(B

$B$^$?(BJLC$B%0%k!<%W$NF#0f(B\ $B7C2p;a$K$OJ*M}$NM}O@!"%W%m%0%i%`!"?t!9$N6=L#?<$$OC$rB?$/J9$+$;$FD:$-K\Ev$K(B
$BJY6/$K$J$j$^$7$?!#?<$/46<U?=$7>e$2$^$9!#$^$?!"1|Ln(B\ $B1Q>k;a!">.NS(B\ $B@?;a$K$O$$$D$b8&5fFbMF$r5$IU$+$C$F$$$@$@$-!"$^$?!"(B
$B?t!9$N%"%I%P%$%9$bD:$-K\Ev$K$"$j$,$H$&$4$6$$$^$7$?!#(B
$B9)3X1!Bg3X$NEOIt(B\ $BN4;K;a$K$O(BDAQ$B$N3+H/$K$"$?$j!"B?$/$N%"%I%P%$%9$rD:$-?<$/46<UCW$7$^$9!#(B
$B$=$7$F0lHV?H6a$J@hGZ$G$"$k9u4d(B $BMNIR;a$K$O?'!9$H8&5f$N;X?K$rD:$-!"$^$?!"B?$/$N$3$H$r3X$S$^$7$?!#(B
$B$=$7$F$J$K$h$j!"?t!9$N;W$$=P$r;D$9P/$,$G$-$^$7$?!#$^$?J]2J(B $B6WBe;a$K$O(B4$BG/$N;~$b4^$a$[$s$H$&$K$*@$OC$K(B
$B$J$j$^$7$?!#(B
$B$=$7$F$$$$8eGZC#$K$b7C$^$l$^$7$?!#FC$KF1$88&5fFbMF$N668};a$K$O!"2r@O$G6lO+$r$+$1$[$s$H$&$K46<U$$$?$7$^$9!#(B

$B:G8e$K$J$j$^$7$?$,!"F14|$G$"$kCfB<(B\ $BM42p;a!">.@>(B $B9@;a!":j;^(B\ $BK.;KO:;a!"#3G/4V$[$s$H$K$"$j$,$H$&!#(B
$B6l$7$$;~!"3Z$7$$;~!"6&$KJb$s$G$-$?F;$r:#8e$b8X$j$K;W$$$?$$$7!"(B
$B7/C#$HF14|$G$[$s$H$&$K$h$+$C$?$H$D$/$E$/;W$$$^$9!#(B

$B:#2sO@J8$r=q$->e$2$k$K$"$?$C$F$*@$OC$K$J$C$?J}!9$K?<$/46<U$7!"K\O@J8$r=*$($?$$$H;W$$$^$9!#(B

\appendix
\chapter{}

$B:G8e$K(B(\ref{rawdataformat})$B$K5-$7$?$h$&$K!"(BDA$B#Q$N%G!<%?%F!<%-%s%0%W%m%0%i%`$G$"$k(B
daq\_main.c$B!"(Bdaq\_initial.c$B!"(Bdaq\_I\_O\_cntl.c$B!"(Bdaq\_camac.c$B!"(Bdaq\_camac\_fadc\_read.c$B!"(Braw2dst.c
$B$rIUO?(BA$B$K:\$;$F$*$/!#(B


\end{document} 
}




